This edited book on Research Methodology is tailored for postgraduate studies in Social and Behavioral Sciences, designed to benefit research scholars across universities, colleges, and research institutes in related disciplines. Emphasizing the value of formative assessment, we view it as a pivotal tool to aid and empower students in their learning journeys. In fields like sociology, political science, library science, home science, education, and management, research methods and procedures exhibit notable similarities, particularly in areas involving researcher-led interviews with people. Agricultural extension research methods represent a significant non-formal educational system globally, focused on transferring knowledge and research outcomes to farmers, alongside potential services for farm families, rural youth, and the development of rural community resources. The perspective on agricultural development has evolved significantly, coinciding with reduced governmental involvement in many societies and the increased roles of private enterprise and non-governmental organizations. Economic liberalization has opened new doors for farmers but has also heightened competition, making it challenging to predict future trends and provide definitive guidance to farmers. Addressing agricultural and rural development challenges in developing countries necessitates a sufficient number of well-trained and skilled professionals. Effective problem-solving for farmers relies on extension workers and agricultural graduates possessing broad knowledge of extension teaching methods and technologies. This book consolidates comprehensive information on research methods in extension education to support practitioners in the field.
Difficulties that accompany normal life are obstacles to be avoided as far as possible. Researchers are always looking for interesting questions. There is a difference in the fact that obstacles to research can be opportunities or circumstances that require problem solving. All empirical findings and results should be subject to further investigation before being considered definitive. Because scientific knowledge is always provisional and therefore all empirical results and ideas are fundamentally suspect. Research, on the other hand, has the equally important function of establishing new knowledge claims as well as seeking more precise confirmation of existing knowledge claims. [citation needed] The first natural step in achieving this is to provide a characterization of the problem. According to Northrop, "research begins only when something is unsatisfactory, when habitual beliefs are inappropriate or questionable, when facts essential to clarifying one's concerns are unknown, and when relevant hypotheses are not even considered likely" (research begins (1966) "What you have at the beginning of an investigation is only the problem," said the researcher. "What you have at the beginning of an investigation is only the problem." only when something is unsatisfactory when the usual beliefs are insufficient or questionable when the essential facts are unknown to clarify the concerns and when (1966). The formulation of research questions not only serves an important academic purpose, but also an important social purpose. According to Merton, Broom, and Cottrell (1959), researchers have a responsibility to defend the use of their limited time and other resources in light of the demands placed on them by their work
The Book Krishna and Mediation is a humble attempt by the author to go back into the history and look at the institution of mediation in India. The Book is not written as a legal treatise. It is written from the point of view of layman and to understand how meditation prevailed in India from ancient time to settle disputes and bring peace and harmony to the society. Though the institution of mediation could be traced back to Vedic period; and Treta Yuga, where it was invoked to avert war between Rama and Ravana, the focus however, has been made on Krishna doing mediation in Dwapar Yuga. The reason for doing so is that Krishna has been considered as Lord of the Universe; and when the Lord of Universe himself adopts a particular mode of dispute resolution, it motivates the entire society and encourages people to resolve their disputes and differences through that mode. The indigenous justice delivery system included Kulani, Sreni, Puga, Mahajan, Mediation and Panchayats. Mediation had always been one of the most important methods of resolving disputes and conflicts. Mediation was done by Angada between Rama and Ravana in Treta Yuga; by Lord Krishna between Kauravas and Pandavas in Dwapar Yuga; and by Supreme Court in Ram Janambhoomi case. Unfortunately, all the three mediations failed. Nevertheless, the community learnt its potential as a dispute settlement mode and invoked it in endless number of cases in the informal manner. The Book discusses conflict and dispute in detail. It also discusses many facets of Lord Krishna. Emphasis has been made on Lord Krishna as Mediator. The Book also discusses Mediation in India and at the international level in contemporary times. It also discusses about the pendency of cases which is going to touch the figure of 5 crores, which is more than the population of several countries taken together. The Book discusses how mediation may become game changer and bring down the pendency of cases. The references have been made to dharma, verses of Gita, stories, poem, etc. to exemplify certain facts. I sincerely hope that the Book will come to the expectations of the readers.
The death penalty, otherwise called capital punishment, is an administration authorised practice whereby the State executes an individual as a punishment for a crime. The sentence requesting that somebody is penalised in such a way is alluded to as a death sentence, though the demonstration of such a sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and is anticipating execution is alluded to as condemned, and is said in certain nations to be on "death row". Violations that are deserving of death are known as capital crimes, capital offences or capital felonies, and changes according to jurisdiction, yet in most of the circumstances involve heinous attacks, for example, murder, mass homicide, aggravated cases of rape, child assault, child sexual abuse, terrorism, treason, espionage, sedition, offences against the State, for example, endeavouring to overthrow the government, airplane hijacking, drug dealing, and drug possession, violations against humanity and slaughter, and sometimes, the cruelest act of recidivism and exasperated robbery. Deterrence is presumably the most generally communicated reason for the death penalty. The pith of the theory is that the danger of being executed later on will be adequate to make a critical number of individuals avoid from committing an appalling crime they had in any case planned. Deterrence isn't mainly worried about the anticipation of further killing by a previously convicted death penalty defendant. That falls under the subject of incapacitation. Retentionists of Capital Punishment believe that capital punishment is essential to preserve stability in the world because it serves as a deterrent to potential offenders. In the beginning, public opinion was still in favour of capital punishment rather than life imprisonment. The objective of this research article is to find out whether death penalty is a problem or a punishment for society.
This book has been prepared according to the syllabi of Environmental Education as per the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi for Class XII, incorporating all the significant elements of the content, process, teachinglearning strategies and expected learning outcomes.
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