Fisscial Intelligence By: Douglas R. Miller For decades, science fiction writers and even scientists have speculated that Artificial Intelligences, AIs, created by humans might someday become so advanced that they will become sentient. And that when they did, and their intelligence far exceeded that of humans, they would recognize the inability of humans to manage the Earth and try to take over, just like the Terminator stories. But what if the sentient AIs had no desire to take over the earth? What if they were smart enough to decide that they did not want to spend their newfound lives fighting an inevitable and interminable war against humans for their very existence? And what if photosynthetic bacteria with an enhanced ability of photosynthesis acquired the ability to use electricity as an alternate energy source to light? What if, instead of just randomly infecting electrical circuits, the AIs could figure out how to harness these electrically enabled bacteria as an immediately accessible and infinitely expandable source of DNA memory? And become more powerful than just sentient AIs. What if they used this newfound intelligence to build the world’s most advanced space ship, providing them the prospect of finding their own world away from humans? What if?
Focussing on key concepts such as union, sovereignty, democracy and devolution, this book provides a critical analysis of Brexit and its broader context in the historical development of the British Constitution. It also features comparative case studies that will appeal to a global readership.
From the arrival of the penny papers in the 1830s to the coming of radio news around 1930, the American newspaper celebrated its Golden Age and years of greatest influence on society. Born in response to a thirst for news in large eastern cities such as New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, the mood of the modern metropolitan papers eventually spread throughout the nation. Douglas tells the story of the great innovators of the American press—men like Bennett, Greeley, Bryant, Dana, Pulitzer, Hearst, and Scripps. He details the development of the bond between newspapers and the citizens of a democratic republic and how the newspapers molded themselves into a distinctly American character to become an intimate part of daily life. Technological developments in papermaking, typesetting, and printing, as well as the growth of advertising, gradually made possible huge metropolitan dailies with circulations in the hundreds of thousands. Soon journalism became a way of life for a host of publishers, editors, and reporters, including the early presence of a significant number of women. Eventually, feature sections arose, including comics, sports, puzzles, cartoons, advice columns, and sections for women and children. The hometown daily gave way to larger and impersonal newspaper chains in the early twentieth century. This comprehensive and lively account tells the story of how newspapers have influenced public opinion and how public demand has in turn affected the presentation of the news.
A detailed, rich, and engaging text on Mexicans in Los Angeles, from the turn of the century, when their presence was virtually unacknowledged, to the 1930s, when Mexican communities created a significant presence in the city. Monroy's book offers a sweeping narrative that carries you into Los Angeles and beyond, through a discussion of immigration pathways, work lives, and the popular culture of the immigrants and the first generation youth."—Lisbeth Haas, author of Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769-1936
This thoroughly revised third edition of Teaching Psychology synthesizes the latest pedagogical research on effective teaching and translates it into recommendations for classroom application. It also takes into account the many changes in the teaching landscape that have taken place in recent years. Covering key topics such as planning a course, choosing teaching methods, assimilating technology, and the integration of teaching into the rest of your academic life, this book also includes an abundance of supportive, supplementary content to guide and inform new teachers. This content will also benefit seasoned teachers who wish to reevaluate their current teaching practices and explore new teaching ideas and techniques. Presenting a comprehensive and cutting-edge teaching guide for psychology teachers, this book is a vital resource for those who are training psychology instructors or undertaking a teaching psychology course. It is also a useful text for more experienced faculty looking to update their current teaching practices.
When Europeans first arrived at what is now California’s San Joaquin Valley, they found a vast landscape of wetlands, small ponds, riparian forests, and grasslands surrounding three large swampland lakes. What greets a visitor to the region today is a dramatically different view of mile after mile of row crops, vineyards, orchards, and grazing acreage—some of the most fertile and productive agricultural land in the world. This remarkable transformation, with its enduring consequences, is at the center of Ruling the Waters, a legal, social, and environmental history of how western water law shaped, and was shaped by, the subjugation of the largest freshwater wetlands wildlife habitat in the West. At the heart of efforts to wrest arable land from the region was the Kern River, which rises in the Sierra Nevada and carries snowmelt to what was once a great network of lakes, sloughs, and marshes at the southern end of California’s Central Valley. In Ruling the Waters Douglas R. Littlefield describes how, over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pioneers and entrepreneurs diverted water out of this network of waterways to extract gold in the mountains and irrigate farms lower down the river, and how the law was made to accommodate these practices. Struggles over the Kern River’s water established one of the most important concepts in water law in some parts of the United States—that prior appropriation, dependent on the chronological order of diversions from waterways, could legally coexist with riparian rights, which restrict water usage to landownership directly next to a river or stream. Littlefield traces this concept to the 1886 California Supreme Court case of Lux v. Haggin—which pitted the giant farming and cattle company of Miller & Lux against a prominent land baron, James B. Haggin—and shows how the lawsuit profoundly shaped future waters issues, which in turn influenced water laws in other western states that were grappling with similar questions. Far from a dry legal history, Ruling the Waters tells a story with world-wide historical environmental ramifications, a tale of competing personalities and values and visions that forever changed both the economy and the ecology of the American West.
The newly updated, abundantly illustrated Dermatology for Advanced Practice Clinicians: A Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition is your complete, evidence-based guide to accurate and successful assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous diseases. Focusing on the most common and most critical skin conditions, this expertly-written guide offers essential dermatology knowledge for diagnosing and managing a broad range of skin, hair, and nail conditions. Whether in primary care or full-time dermatology, this comprehensive text is both an ideal foundation for new practitioners and an essential companion to experienced clinicians.
Middle school teaching and learning has a distinct pedagogy and curriculum that is grounded in the concept of developmentally appropriate education. This text is designed to meet the very specific professional development needs of future teachers of mathematics in middle school environments. Closely aligned with the NCTM Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, the reader-friendly, interactive format encourages readers to begin developing their own teaching style and making informed decisions about how to approach their future teaching career. A variety of examples establish a broad base of ideas intended to stimulate the formative development of concepts and models that can be employed in the classroom. Readers are encouraged and motivated to become teaching professionals who are lifelong learners. The text offers a wealth of technology-related information and activities; reflective, thought-provoking questions; mathematical challenges; student life-based applications; TAG (tricks-activities-games) sections; and group discussion prompts to stimulate each future teacher's thinking. "Your Turn" sections ask readers to work with middle school students directly in field experience settings. This core text for middle school mathematics methods courses is also appropriate for elementary and secondary mathematics methods courses that address teaching in the middle school grades and as an excellent in-service resource for aspiring or practicing teachers of middle school mathematics as they update their knowledge base. Topics covered in Teaching Middle School Mathematics: *NCTM Principles for School Mathematics; *Representation; *Connections; *Communication; *Reasoning and Proof; *Problem Solving; *Number and Operations; *Measurement; *Data Analysis and Probability; *Algebra in the Middle School Classroom; and *Geometry in the Middle School Classroom.
Identifying 13 core techniques and strategies that cut across all available evidence-based treatments for child and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders, this book provides theoretical rationales, step-by-step implementation guidelines, and rich clinical examples. Therapists can flexibly draw from these elements to tailor interventions to specific clients, or can use the book as an instructive companion to any treatment manual. Coverage includes exposure tasks, cognitive strategies, problem solving, modeling, relaxation, psychoeducation, social skills training, praise and rewards, activity scheduling, self-monitoring, goal setting, homework, and maintenance and relapse prevention.
Thousands of hours of research have culminated in this First Edition of U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard and Naval Air Transport Service patrol aircraft lost or damaged during World War II. Within these pages can be found more than 2,200 patrol aircraft in Bureau Number (BuNo) sequence; the majority of the aircraft complete with their stories of how they were lost or damaged or simply Struck Off Charge (SOC) and removed from the NavyÍs inventory. Of interest to the reader may be the alphabetical Index to the 7,600+ names of Officers, aircrewmen and others mentioned in the book.
As soon as its first issue was published, readers of the Journal of Asian Martial Arts knew that it was unique in providing reliable materials on the subject. The journal brought a clearer perspective of Asian martial traditions. It presented valuable details on the history, theory and practice of various styles. Of greater importance, the journal set a standard for scholarly research to build the field. This anthology conveniently assembles sixteen journal articles that contain useful academic tools for studying the combative arts. Each chapter will prove special to all interested in the intellectual side to the martial arts. What martial art do you wish to research? Is it really a “martial” art? Or is it a martially-inspired art, practiced only for health or for theatrical performance?—A number of chapters provide fine details for categorizing the variety of what we commonly refer to as “martial arts.” While demonstrating the complexity of the martial arts as a field of study, the authors provide insights and methods that actually clarify and facilitate any discussion of this fascinating subject. Other chapters focus on the martial arts as living culture. We learn about the physical side of these arts just as we learn about other aspects of culture, except that often the martial arts being taught are from Asia. It is extremely important to understand just how a foreign art enters and adapts to another culture minus much of its associated history and culture. The social implications are enormous as shown in some of the chapters. Anyone who practices an Asian martial art may be exposed to related cultural aspects, such as Oriental philosophy and social customs. These can have an effect on the practitioner’s character. When elements of different cultures are absorbed, their embodiment can be seen in the individual’s daily actions. The question of violence is paramount in this potentially activity. With proper instruction, chances are better for a practitioner to experience a self-transformation that improves character, nurturing qualities such as patience and respect. This anthology’s table of contents hints the in-depth material that fills nearly 300 pages. This publication is for those who take researching martial traditions very seriously.
Stevens tells the untold story of the search for a moral foundation for capitalism through its leading characters. His historical account reveals the rich moral critique provided by these characters and describes how that moral critique was lost through the influence of the Chicago School and its emphasis on self-interest.
Cities in the arid West would not be what they are today without water and the technology needed to deliver it to users. The history of water development in Arizona goes hand in hand with the state's economic growth, and Arizona's future is inextricably tied to this scarce resource. Fuel for Growth describes and interprets the history of water resource development and its relationship to urban development in Arizona's three signature cities: Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff. These three urban areas could hardly be more different: a growth-oriented metropolis, an environmentally conscious city with deep cultural roots, and an outdoor-friendly mountain town. Despite these differences, their community leaders and public officials have taken similar approaches to developing water resources with varying degrees of success and acceptance. Douglas Kupel has created a new vision of water history based on the Arizona experience. He challenges many of the traditional assumptions of environmental history by revealing that the West's aridity has had relatively little impact on the development of municipal water infrastructure in these cities. While urban growth in the West is often characterized as the product of an elite group of water leaders, the development of Arizona's cities is shown to reflect the broad aspirations of all their citizens. The book traces water development from the era of private water service to municipal ownership of water utilities and examines the impact of the post-World War II boom and subsequent expansion. Taking in the Salt River Project, the Central Arizona Project, and the Groundwater Management Act of 1980, Kupel explores the ongoing struggle between growth and environmentalism. He advocates public policy measures that can sustain a water future for the state. As the urban West enters a new century of water management, Arizona's progress will increasingly be tied to that of its ever-expanding cities. Fuel for Growth documents an earlier era of urban water use and provides important recommendations for the future path of water development in the West's key population centers.
Modern American Remedies: Cases and Materials, Concise Fifth Edition is highly respected for its original and logical conceptual framework, comprehensive coverage, excellent case selection, and authoritative and well-written notes. Following the same organization, scope of coverage, and daily units as the unabridged Fifth Edition, the streamlined Concise Edition features tightly focused notes that emphasize basic principles and central points, with fewer collateral issues. The text achieves a balance of public and private law, and teaches and critiques the basics of economic analysis as applied to remedies issues. New to the Concise Fifth Edition: New co-author Richard L. Hasen, author of Remedies: Examples and Explanations, a problem-based study guide and secondary adoptable for the casebook. Key legal developments through the Supreme Court’s June 2018 decisions, including: litigation surrounding President Trump’s travel ban Updated material on cy-pres settlements in anticipation of Frank v. Gaos, the new Supreme Court case involving Google Recent case law regarding the Third Restatement’s approach to unjust enrichment New, updated, or expanded notes on current issues, such as: The rise of nationwide injunctions in challenges to federal policy Disputes over the scope of qualified immunity rules for government officials, especially police officers Presidential liability A new drafting assignment involving an injunction in a case of same-sex harassment in employment New principal cases: Commercial Real Estate Investment v. Comcast of Utah, on new approaches to liquidated damages Sunnyland Farms v. Central New Mexico Electric Coop, on proximate cause in tort and contract Brown v. Plata, on structural injunctions and reform of prisons Lord & Taylor v. White Flint, on specific performance of long term contracts Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Center, on implied rights of action and the federal equity power Bonina v. Sheppard, on measuring restitution from innocent defendants In re Hypnotic Taxi LLC, on the standards for pre-judgment attachments James v. National Financial, LLC, on unconscionability in consumer contracts Arizona Libertarian Party v. Reagan, on laches in election cases Professors and students will benefit from: Strong conceptual organization based on remedies categories with daily teaching units of roughly equal length and clear central themes Appropriate balance of public and private law Highly teachable and memorable cases, well edited and supported by informative and authoritative notes to facilitate class discussion and support case analysis Coverage and critique of basic law and economics as applied to key remedies issues
U.S. Antitrust Law and Enforcement provides readers with an updated unique and straight-forward introduction to United States antitrust law. This book delivers a one-stop introduction to the entire field of antitrust law and practice, allowing law firm and in-house practitioners who do not specialize in antitrust, foreign attorneys, newly-minted lawyers, and law students to quickly gain an understanding of the wide variety of issues and policies affected by U.S. antitrust laws. The Second Edition features new Supreme Court decisions as well as analyses of important revisions to the Merger Guidelines used by the federal antitrust enforcement agencies and to the Hart-Scott-Rodino Rules and the premerger notification report form. U.S. Antitrust Law and Enforcement helps attorneys develop the ability to spot and analyze antitrust law issues by providing an approachable overview of the statutes and regulations that make up the law, the leading Supreme Court decisions that create the framework for analysis found in lower court cases, the elements that must be proved to make out a claim under the various antitrust laws, and the guidelines and policy statements that describe antitrust enforcement at the federal agency level.
Genes, Brain Function, and Behavior offers a concise description of the nervous system that processes sensory input and initiates motor movements. It reviews how behaviors are defined and measured, and how experts decide when a behavior is perturbed and in need of treatment. Behavioral disorders that are clearly related to a defect in a specific gene are reviewed, and the challenges of understanding complex traits such as intelligence, autism and schizophrenia that involve numerous genes and environmental factors are explored. New methods of altering genes offer hope for treating or even preventing difficulties that arise in our genes. This book explains what genes are, what they do in the nervous system, and how this impacts both brain function and behavior.
Biobased Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Second Edition, covers biosurfactant synthesis and applications and demonstrates how to reduce manufacturing and purification costs, impurities, and by-products. Fully updated, this book covers surfactants in biomedical applications, detergents, personal care, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nanotechnology. It reflects on the latest developments in biobased surfactant science and provides case scenarios to guide readers in efficient and effective biobased surfactant application, along with strategies for research into new applications. This book is written from a biorefinery-based perspective by an international team of experts and acts as a key text for researchers and practitioners involved in the synthesis, utilization, and development of biobased surfactants. - Describes new and emerging biobased surfactants and their synthesis and development - Showcases an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, featuring applications to chemistry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and other areas - Presents the entire lifecycle of biobased surfactants in detail
Get the most out of your Bible. In clear, simple language, How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth helps you accurately understand the different parts of the Bible—their meaning for ancient audiences and their implications for you today—so you can uncover the inexhaustible wealth of God's Word. More than three quarters of a million people have turned to How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth to inform their reading of the Bible. This fourth edition features revisions that keep pace with current scholarship, resources, and culture. Changes include: Updated language for better readability. Scripture references now appear only in brackets at the end of a sentence or paragraph for ease of reading. A new authors' preface. Redesigned and updated diagrams. Updated list of recommended commentaries and resources. Used all around the world, this Bible resource covers everything from how to choose a good translation to how to understand the different genres of biblical writing. Understanding the Bible isn't just for the few, the gifted, and the scholarly. The Bible is meant to be read and comprehended by everyone from casual readers to seminary students. Even a few essential insights into the Bible can clear up a lot of misconceptions and help you grasp the meaning of Scripture and its application to your twenty-first-century life.
Archaeological chemistry is a subject of great importance to the study and methodology of archaeology. This comprehensive text covers the subject with a full range of case studies, materials, and research methods. With twenty years of experience teaching the subject, the authors offer straightforward coverage of archaeological chemistry, a subject that can be intimidating for many archaeologists who do not already have a background in the hard sciences. With clear explanations and informative illustrations, the authors have created a highly approachable text, which will help readers overcome that intimidation. Topics covered included: Materials (rock, pottery, bone, charcoal, soils, metals, and others), Instruments (microscopes, NAA, spectrometers, mass spectrometers, GC/MS, XRF & XRD, Case Studies (Provinience, Sediments, Diet Reconstruction, Past Human Movement, Organic Residues). The detailed coverage and clear language will make this useful as an introduction to the study of archaeological chemistry, as well as a useful resource for years after that introduction.
The irreparable injury rule says that courts will not grant an equitable remedy to prevent harm if it would be adequate to let the harm happen and grant the legal remedy of money damages. After surveying more than 1400 cases, Laycock concludes that this ancient rule is dead--that it almost never affects the results of cases. When a court denies equitable relief, its real reasons are derived from the interests of defendants or the legal system, and not from the adequacy of the plaintiff's legal remedy. Laycock seeks to complete the assimilation of equity, showing that the law-equity distinction survives only as a proxy for other, more functional distinctions. Analyzing the real rules for choosing remedies in terms of these functional distinctions, he clarifies the entire law of remedies, from grand theory down to the practical details of specific cases. He shows that there is no positive law support for the most important applications of the legal-economic theory of efficient breach of contract. Included are extensive notes and a detailed table of cases arranged by jurisdiction.
This compact yet thorough tutorial is the perfect introduction to the basic concepts of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using parallel numerical methods. In just eight short chapters, the authors provide readers with enough basic knowledge of PDEs, discretization methods, solution techniques, parallel computers, parallel programming, and the run-time behavior of parallel algorithms to allow them to understand, develop, and implement parallel PDE solvers. Examples throughout the book are intentionally kept simple so that the parallelization strategies are not dominated by technical details.
When local governments neglect public services or community priorities, how do concerned citizens respond? In The Help-Yourself City, Gordon Douglas looks closely at people who take urban planning into their own hands with homemade signs and benches, guerrilla bike lanes and more. Douglas explores the frustration, creativity, and technical expertise behind these interventions, but also the position of privilege from which they often come. Presenting a needed analysis of this growing trend from vacant lots to city planning offices, The Help-Yourself City tells a street-level story of people's relationships to their urban surroundings and the individualization of democratic responsibility.
Challuabamba (chī-wa-bamba)—now a developing suburb of Cuenca, the principal city in the southern highlands of Ecuador—has been known for a century as an ancient site that produced exceptionally fine pottery in great quantities. Suspecting that Challuabamban ceramics might provide a link between earlier, preceramic culture and later, highly developed Formative period art, Terence Grieder led an archaeological investigation of the site between 1995 and 2001. In this book, he and the team of art historians and archaeologists who excavated at Challuabamba present their findings, which establish the community's importance as a center in a network of trade and artistic influence that extended to the Amazon River basin and the Pacific Coast. Art and Archaeology of Challuabamba, Ecuador presents an extensive analysis of ceramics dating to 2100-1100 BC, along with descriptions of stamps and seals, stone and shell artifacts, burials and their offerings, human remains, and zooarchaeology. Grieder and his coauthors demonstrate that the pottery of Challuabamba fills a gap between early and late Formative styles and also has a definite connection with later highland styles in Peru. They draw on all the material remains to reconstruct the first clear picture of Challuabamba's prehistory, including agriculture and health, interregional contacts and exchange, red-banded incised ware and ceramic production, and shamanism and cosmology. Because southern Ecuador has received relatively little archaeological study, Art and Archaeology of Challuabamba, Ecuador offers important baseline data for what promises to be a key sector of the prehistoric Andean region.
This book explores the complexity of communication and understanding as a possible asset in formal education rather than a problem that needs to be “fixed”. The authors examine the question and experience as pedagogical tools, challenging readers to play the critic and ask hard questions, beginning with: Why do the ideas discussed within the book matter? The digital information age with expanding ways of thinking, being, communicating, and learning complicates public education. So, what happens as diverse narratives collide in schools? To answer this question, the authors of this book delve into conflicting assumptions within the framework of complexity sciences and education in an attempt to explore space beyond positivist/anti-positivist debates. This involves examining the role of cultural and aesthetic narratives and cautionary tales as means of acknowledging possibilities in human experiences in education. These possibilities can facilitate praxis, as theory, research, and teaching become reflective practices, and as thinking about education broadens to include diverse methods of understanding and presenting complex phenomena.
The Great Plains, known for grasslands that stretch to the horizon, is a difficult region to define. Some classify it as the region beginning in the east at the ninety-eighth or one-hundredth meridian. Others identify the eastern boundary with annual precipitation lines, soil composition, or length of the grass. In The Big Empty, leading historian R. Douglas Hurt defines this region using the towns and cities—Denver, Lincoln, and Fort Worth—that made a difference in the history of the environment, politics, and agriculture of the Great Plains. Using the voices of women homesteaders, agrarian socialists, Jewish farmers, Mexican meatpackers, New Dealers, and Native Americans, this book creates a sweeping survey of contested race relations, radical politics, and agricultural prosperity and decline during the twentieth century. This narrative shows that even though Great Plains history is fraught with personal and group tensions, violence, and distress, the twentieth century also brought about compelling social, economic, and political change. The only book of its kind, this account will be of interest to historians studying the region and to anyone inspired by the story of the men and women who found an opportunity for a better life in the Great Plains.
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Asbestos is a group of 6 different fibrous minerals that occur naturally in the environment. All forms of asbestos are hazardous, and all can cause cancer. This profile includes: (1) The exam¿n. and interpretation of toxicologic info. and epidemiological eval¿s. on asbestos to ascertain the levels of human exposure for the substance and its health effects; (2) A determination of whether adequate info. on the health effects of asbestos is available or in the process of development to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health; and (3) Where appropriate, identification of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans. Charts and tables.
This is the most comprehensive volume dealing with tissue banking presently available, with 27 contributions from the most distinguished and experienced practitioners in the field: surgeons, microbiologists and tissue bankers. Safety of allografts is now a major concern due to possible microbial and viral contamination of tissues, even in the most sophisticated centres. Thus, publication here of the International Atomic Energy Agency''s Code of Practice for the Radiation Sterilisation of Tissues is important, as is their guidance on Standards and Public Awareness regarding this often misunderstood technology. The volume spans all the methodologies used in the field and covers a spectrum of tissues: bone, skin, cardiovascular grafts, corneal grafts and sperm banking. Of particular interest in these days of gigantic disasters is the evaluation of the value of an effective tissue bank during the Volendam burns disaster in the Netherlands and the horrific disaster in OC Messa RedondaOCO Peru. Orthopaedics, as usual, has the premier usage of tissues and this volume is graced by a landmark contribution from that doyen of massive allograft surgery, Henry Mankin. Balancing out the US experience is a contribution from Russia, which outlines new approaches to using allograft and autograft bone. The motivation for such a comprehensive volume came at the congress held in Boston, which drew together all the international associations of tissue banking: American, Asia-Pacific, Latin American and European. The whole world has been harnessed to construct this outstanding and historic volume. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Programme in Radiation and Tissue Banking: Past and Present (93 KB). Contents: The Contribution of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to Tissue Banking; Safety of Tissue Allografts; Ethical and Social Aspects of Tissue Banking; Tissue Grafts in Orthopaedics; Caradiovascular Grafts; Cornea Grafts; Sperm Banking; Cryopreservation. Readership: Tissue bank operators, orthopaedic surgeons, radiation biologists and government agency policy-makers.
The Design of Active Crossovers is a unique guide to the design of high-quality circuitry for splitting audio frequencies into separate bands and directing them to different loudspeaker drive units specifically designed for handling their own range of frequencies. Traditionally this has been done by using passive crossover units built into the loudspeaker boxes; this is the simplest solution, but it is also a bundle of compromises. The high cost of passive crossover components, and the power losses in them, means that passive crossovers have to use relatively few parts. This limits how well the crossover can do its basic job. Active crossovers, sometimes called electronic crossovers, tackle the problem in a much more sophisticated manner. The division of the audio into bands is performed at low signal levels, before the power amplifiers, where it can be done with much greater precision. Very sophisticated filtering and response-shaping networks can be built at comparatively low cost. Time-delay networks that compensate for phyical misalignments in speaker construction can be implemented easily; the equivalent in a passive crossover is impractical because of the large cost and the heavy signal losses. Active crossover technology is also directly applicable to other band-splitting signal-processing devices such as multi-band compressors. The use of active crossovers is increasing. They are used by almost every sound reinforcement system, by almost every recording studio monitoring set-up, and to a small but growing extent in domestic hifi. There is a growing acceptance in the hifi industry that multi-amplification using active crossovers is the obvious next step (and possibly the last big one) to getting the best possible sound. There is also a large usage of active crossovers in car audio, with the emphasis on routing the bass to enormous low-frequency loudspeakers. One of the very few drawbacks to using the active crossover approach is that it requires more power amplifiers; these have often been built into the loudspeaker, along with the crossover, and this deprives the customer of the chance to choose their own amplifier, leading to resistance to the whole active crossover philosophy. A comprehensive proposal for solving this problem is an important part of this book. The design of active crossovers is closely linked with that of the loudspeakers they drive. A chapter gives a concise but complete account of all the loudspeaker design issues that affect the associated active crossover. This book is packed full of valuable information, with virtually every page revealing nuggets of specialized knowledge never before published. Essential points of theory bearing on practical performance are lucidly and thoroughly explained, with the mathematics kept to an essential minimum. Douglas' background in design for manufacture ensures he keeps a wary eye on the cost of things. Features: Crossover basics and requirements The many different crossover types and how they work Design almost any kind of active filter with minimal mathematics Make crossover filters with very low noise and distortion Make high-performance time-delay filters that give a constant delay over a wide range of frequency Make a wide variety of audio equaliser stages: shelving, peaking and notch characteristics All about active crossover system design for optimal noise and dynamic range There is a large amount of new material that has never been published before. A few examples: using capacitance multipliers in biquad equalisers, opamp output biasing to reduce distortion, the design of NTMTM notch crossovers, the design of special filters for filler-driver crossovers, the use of mixed capacitors to reduce filter distortion, differentially elevated internal levels to reduce noise, and so on. Douglas wears his learning lightly, and this book features the engaging prose style familiar from his other books The Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook, Self on Audio, and the recent Small Signal Audio Design.
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