Bringing together the latest methodological and scientific progress in the various research areas in the field of Environmental Genomics, this book discusses the characterization of the structure and dynamics of life, the study of the evolution and adaptation of genes and genomes, the analysis of degraded and/or old DNA, and the functional and genomic ecology of populations and communities. It also considers access to the production and sharing of NGS data and the quality of this data.As the product of the collective discussion of the active French scientific community, the book presents not only the latest technologies in the development of new sequencing methods, but also the resulting issues, challenges and prospects, in order to identify those aspects with the greatest potential for modeling and exploring the function of ecosystems. Includes recent updates from the field of environmental genomics Provides details of advances of methods and perspectives of their use Contains a multidisciplinary overview of the environmental sciences including taxonomy, ecology, evolution, and diversity Focuses on the impact of recent technology advances in high-throughput sequencing
Follows the process of gardening from the definition and description of a plant, botanical experiments, types of gardens, to preparation and maintenance.
Bringing together the latest methodological and scientific progress in the various research areas in the field of Environmental Genomics, this book discusses the characterization of the structure and dynamics of life, the study of the evolution and adaptation of genes and genomes, the analysis of degraded and/or old DNA, and the functional and genomic ecology of populations and communities. It also considers access to the production and sharing of NGS data and the quality of this data.As the product of the collective discussion of the active French scientific community, the book presents not only the latest technologies in the development of new sequencing methods, but also the resulting issues, challenges and prospects, in order to identify those aspects with the greatest potential for modeling and exploring the function of ecosystems. Includes recent updates from the field of environmental genomics Provides details of advances of methods and perspectives of their use Contains a multidisciplinary overview of the environmental sciences including taxonomy, ecology, evolution, and diversity Focuses on the impact of recent technology advances in high-throughput sequencing
Designing new structural materials, extending lifetimes and guarding against fracture in service are among the preoccupations of engineers, and to deal with these they need to have command of the mechanics of material behaviour. This ought to reflect in the training of students. In this respect, the first volume of this work deals with elastic, elastoplastic, elastoviscoplastic and viscoelastic behaviours; this second volume continues with fracture mechanics and damage, and with contact mechanics, friction and wear. As in Volume I, the treatment links the active mechanisms on the microscopic scale and the laws of macroscopic behaviour. Chapter I is an introduction to the various damage phenomena. Chapter II gives the essential of fracture mechanics. Chapter III is devoted to brittle fracture, chapter IV to ductile fracture and chapter V to the brittle-ductile transition. Chapter VI is a survey of fatigue damage. Chapter VII is devoted to hydrogen embrittlement and to environment assisted cracking, chapter VIII to creep damage. Chapter IX gives results of contact mechanics and a description of friction and wear mechanisms. Finally, chapter X treats damage in non metallic materials: ceramics, glass, concrete, polymers, wood and composites. The volume includes many explanatory diagrams and illustrations. A third volume will include exercises allowing deeper understanding of the subjects treated in the first two volumes.
In Scientific Controversies, Dominque Raynaud shows how organized debates in the sciences help us establish or verify our knowledge of the world. If debates focus on form, scientific controversies are akin to public debates that can be understood within the framework of theories of conflict. If they focus on content, then such controversies have to do with a specific activity and address the nature of science itself. Understanding the major focus of a scientific controversy is a first step toward understanding these debates and assessing their merits. Controversies of unique socio-historic context, disciplines, and characteristics are examined: Pasteur’s germ theory and Pouchet’s theory of spontaneous generation; vitalism advocated at Montpellier versus experimental medicine in Paris; the science of optics about the propagation of visual rays; the origins of relativism (the Duhem-Quine problem). Touching on the work of Boudon, Popper, and others, Raynaud puts forward an incrementalist theory about the advancement of science through scientific controversies. The debates Raynaud has selected share in common their pivotal importance to the history of the sciences. By understanding the role of controversy, we better understand the functioning of science and the stakes of the contemporary scientific debates.
Although deconstruction has become a popular catchword, as an intellectual movement it has never entirely caught on within the university. For some in the academy, deconstruction, and Jacques Derrida in particular, are responsible for the demise of accountability in the study of literature. Countering these facile dismissals of Derrida and deconstruction, Herman Rapaport explores the incoherence that has plagued critical theory since the 1960s and the resulting legitimacy crisis in the humanities. Against the backdrop of a rich, informed discussion of Derrida's writings -- and how they have been misconstrued by critics and admirers alike -- The Theory Mess investigates the vicissitudes of Anglo-American criticism over the past thirty years and proposes some possibilities for reform.
Follows the process of gardening from the definition and description of a plant, botanical experiments, types of gardens, to preparation and maintenance.
The Collection of Procedural Decisions in ICC Arbitration 1993-1996 contains the procedural decisions rendered by ICC arbitrators, published in a single volume for the first time. In addition to providing procedural decisions in their original language, this book includes commentaries on the decisions, key words in both English and French, and explanatory notes of interest in English. Two useful indexes guide the reader to points of specific interest. The analytical index, provided in both English and French, is based on terminology used in decisions and case notes, while the table of cross-referenced cases provides citations to the Journal du Droit International. A bibliography and tables containing the judicial and arbitral authorities cited provide useful reference information. The collection also includes the ICC and UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, as well as the IBA Rules on Evidence, providing the reader with the full range of materials regarding the conduct of international arbitration. This collection is an indispensable reference work for anyone seeking to be informed about the conduct of international arbitration. Invaluable for all international arbitration practitioners, this book offers the reader solutions to pitfalls in arbitration proceedings by the most talented international arbitrators.
Intended for engineers, researchers, and graduate students dealing with materials science, structural design, and nondestructive testing and evaluation, this book represents a continuation of the author's "Fracture Mechanics" (1997). It will appeal to a variety of audiences: The discussion of design codes and procedures will be of use to practicing engineers, particularly in the nuclear, aerospace, and pipeline industries; the extensive bibliography and discussion of recent results will make it a useful reference for academic researchers; and graduate students will find the clear explanations and worked examples useful for learning the field. The book begins with a general treatment of fracture mechanics in terms of material properties and loading and provides up-to-date reviews of the ductile-brittle transition in steels and of methods for analyzing the risk of fracture. It then discusses the dynamics of fracture and creep in homogeneous and isotropic media, including discussions of high-loading-rate characteristics, the behavior of stationary cracks in elastic media under stress, and the propagation of cracks in elastic media. This is followed by an analysis of creep and crack initiation and propagation, describing, for example, the morphology and incubation times of crack initiation and growth and the effects of high temperatures. The book concludes with treatments of cycling deformation and fatigue, creep-fatigue fractures, and crack initiation and propagation. Problems at the end of each chapter serve to reinforce and test the student's knowledge and to extend some of the discussions in the text. Solutions to half of the problems are provided.
The years before the First World War have long been romanticized as a zenith of French culture—the “Belle Époque.” The era is seen as the height of a lost way of life that remains emblematic of what it means to be French. In a vast range of texts and images, it appears as a carefree time full of joie de vivre, fanfare and frills, artistic daring, and scientific innovation. The Moulin Rouge shared the stage with the Universal Exposition, Toulouse-Lautrec rubbed elbows with Marie Curie and La Belle Otero, and Fantômas invented automatic writing. This book traces the making—and the imagining—of the Belle Époque to reveal how and why it became a cultural myth. Dominique Kalifa lifts the veil on a period shrouded in nostalgia, explaining the century-long need to continuously reinvent and even sanctify this moment. He sifts through images handed down in memoirs and reminiscences, literature and film, art and history to explore the many facets of the era, including its worldwide reception. The Belle Époque was born in France, but it quickly went global as other countries adopted the concept to write their own histories. In shedding light on how the Belle Époque has been celebrated and reimagined, Kalifa also offers a nuanced meditation on time, history, and memory.
The Collection of ICC Arbitral Awards 2012-2015 contains extracts of cases handled by the ICC Court of Arbitration, one of the world's most respected arbitral institutions. This most recent collection supplements six previous and successful volumes containing awards from the periods 1974-1985, 1986-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2007 and 2008-2011. This collection is a practical reference tool, containing three types of useful indexes incorporating information from all three volumes: – a consolidated analytical table, in both English and French, contains extensive cross-references based on the terminology used in awards and case notes; – a chronological index lists the awards; – a key word index, also provided in both languages, allows the reader to locate the material of interest quickly and easily. In addition to providing a wealth of information in a highly accessible manner, this book includes case notes end expert commentaries on the awards. This publication is an indispensable reference work for anyone interested in international arbitration and in the reasoning of international arbitrators on the interpretation and application of contractual clauses, international conventions, and the law of international trade. It is invaluable to both scholars and practitioners involved in the drafting and negotiation of international commercial contracts and the resolution of international commercial disputes.
In its 11,000 year human history, the Isthmus of Panamá has been dominated by its relationship to the sea and the rivers that feed it. A unique marine environment, the land bridge shaped its inhabitants’ activities, and those inhabitants shaped the Isthmus—from harvesting resources to physically transforming the land to link two oceans. This seminal work explores this intersection between people and the environment, mining the archaeological and ethnological record created during the formation and development of Panamá's maritime cultural landscape. Assessing sites both submerged and on land, the authors explore the maritime history of the isthmus through its many stages: from its prehistoric period through Spanish colonialism to the building of the canal and its function as a route for modern-day maritime traffic. Combining archaeology, history, geography, and economic history, this volume situates Panamá's canal and isthmus in the global economy and world maritime culture, while providing a more complex understanding of human adaptation and the persistence of culture.
Artificial intelligence Re-Engineering the Global Public Health Ecosystem: A Humanity Worth Saving provides a unifying strategic vision (and principles and examples operationalizing it) for the AI-accelerated effective, efficient, and equitable global public health of the future. Readers will find an ecosystem-based approach to understanding how AI is transforming and globalizing public health (and thus our underlying political economics, contextualized in our diverse cultures). The book integrates data architecture, digital health ecosystem, algorithms (including machine and deep learning and artificial general intelligence), quantum computing, global disease surveillance, adaptive value supply chains, demographic shifts, integral development, network science, health financing, healthcare system design, and multicultural global ethics underlying diverse political economic systems in a clear and concrete way forward together, within a divided but digitized and globalized world. Written by the world’s first triple doctorate-trained physician-data scientist and AI ethicist, this book is a compelling and coherent guide to help empower and equip AI developers, students, practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and leaders in digital technology, public health, healthcare, health policy, public policy, political science, economics, and ethics to generate the healthcare solutions that will define humanity’s next era. Details the first comprehensive ecosystem analysis of global public health revolutionized by AI. Uses concrete examples to explain the dominant players and trends determining health’s future, including through data architecture, financing, political economics, demographics, security, and multicultural ethics. Provides a successful full-spectrum formula for governments, institutions, companies, and communities to scale equitable health globally while respecting local identities and values.
Intended for engineers from a variety of disciplines dealing with structural materials, this text describes the current state of knowledge. It begins by describing the fracture process at the two extremes of scale: first in the context of atomic structures, then in terms of a continuous elastic medium. Treating the fracture process in increasingly sophisticated ways, the book then considers plastic corrections and the procedures for measuring the toughness of materials. Practical considerations are then discussed, including crack propagation, geometry dependence, flaw density, mechanisms of failure by cleavage, the ductile-brittle transition, and continuum damage mechanics. The whole is rounded off with discussions of generalised plasticity and the link between the microscopic and macroscopic aspects, and problems are provided at the end of each chapter.
For more than a century, posters, advertisements, and brochures have characterized Canada as a desirable tourist destination offering spectacular scenery, wild animals, outdoor recreation, and state-of-the-art accommodations. However, these explicitly commercial displays are not the only marketing tools at the country’s disposal; beginning in the 1890s, film also played a role in selling Canada. In Northern Getaway Dominique Brégent-Heald investigates the connections between film and tourism during the first half of the twentieth century, exploring the economic, pedagogical, geopolitical, and socio-cultural contexts and aspirations of tourism films. From the first moving images of the 1890s through the end of the 1950s, a complex web of public and private stakeholders in Canadian tourism experimented, sometimes in collaboration with Hollywood, with a variety of film forms – 16 mm or 35 mm, feature or short films, fiction or nonfiction, professional or amateur filmmakers – to promote Canada. Spectators, particularly Americans, saw Canada as a tourist destination on screens in motion picture theatres, schools, and fairgrounds. Rooted in settler colonial representations that celebrate the nation’s unspoiled but welcoming wilderness landscapes, these films also characterize Canada as a technologically and industrially advanced settler country. Using evidence from a wide range of archival sources and drawing from current scholarship in film history and tourism studies, Northern Getaway demonstrates how Canada was an innovator in using film to shape and project a recognizable destination brand.
Science has development from a self-evident public good to being highly valued in other contexts for different reasons: strengthening the economic competitiveness and, especially in high-tech fields, as a financial investment for future gains. This has been accompanied by a shift from public to private funding with intellectual property rights gaining importance. But in contemporary democracies citizens have also begun to voice their concerns about science and technology related risks, demanding greater participation in decision-making and in the setting of research priorities. The book examines the legal issues and responses vis-à-vis these transformations of the nature of public science. It discusses their normative content as well as the inherent limitations of the law in meeting these challenges.
Beggars, outcasts, urchins, waifs, prostitutes, criminals, convicts, madmen, fallen women, lunatics, degenerates—part reality, part fantasy, these are the grotesque faces that populate the underworld, the dark inverse of our everyday world. Lurking in the mirror that we hold up to our society, they are our counterparts and our doubles, repelling us and yet offering the tantalizing promise of escape. Although these images testify to undeniable social realities, the sordid lower depths make up a symbolic and social imaginary that reflects our fears and anxieties—as well as our desires. In Vice, Crime, and Poverty, Dominique Kalifa traces the untold history of the concept of the underworld and its representations in popular culture. He examines how the myth of the lower depths came into being in nineteenth-century Europe, as biblical figures and Christian traditions were adapted for a world turned upside-down by the era of industrialization, democratization, and mass culture. From the Parisian demimonde to Victorian squalor, from the slums of New York to the sewers of Buenos Aires, Kalifa deciphers the making of an image that has cast an enduring spell on its audience. While the social conditions that created that underworld have changed, Vice, Crime, and Poverty shows that, from social-scientific ideas of the underclass to contemporary cinema and steampunk culture, its shadows continue to haunt us.
Las ciencias y las técnicas han formado parte, desde el principio de la civilización, del desarrollo de la sociedad. Los cambios que han caracterizado las diferentes etapas del pensamiento científico se han producido dentro del marco de determinadas formaciones sociales y en condiciones específicas de producción del conocimiento. En este libro se aborda la manera en que se relacionan ciencia y sociedad: las formas de valorización social de las investigaciones, el sistema de trabajo en el interior de los laboratorios, las razones ideológicas de las teorías científicas, los mecanismos de financiación de la indagaciones científicas, las luchas jerárquicas entre los sabios y académicos, etc. Un conjunto de problemas que están más que nunca implicados en nuestros grandes problemas sociales. La explosión de las nanotecnologías, la controversia sobre los OGM, el cambio climático, etc., tantas temáticas cuya comprensión y control implican también conocer mejor las dinámicas sociales que forman parte de la producción de conocimientos y de las innovaciones. La presente obra, refundición de Sociología de las ciencias, publicada en 1995, muestra un planteamiento completo de todos estos problemas, con numerosos ejemplos y una muy amplia documentación. Presenta las diferentes formas de articulación ciencia/sociedad (emergencia de las ciencias, dinámica de innovación y democracia técnica) y los principales mecanismos sociales que hacen vivir a las ciencias (instituciones, organizaciones, intercambios entre investigadores, elaboración de contenidos, etc.). Este libro permite aprehender tanto la cultura material y cognitiva de un laboratorio como el funcionamiento del mercado de empleo científico. Más allá de la referencia a los grandes autores, corrientes de pensamiento y debates, ayuda a comprender mejor qué la sociedad y aquellas personas que tiene el poder decisorio fuerzan el desarrollo de las ciencias y de las técnicas, y qué los artesanos de estas últimas imponen a cambio sus lógicas propias. Habla así sobre la sociología de "la sociedad de los conocimientos”.
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