Division on Earth and Life Studies's Books

The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life,Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems

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The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems

The search for life in the solar system and beyond has to date been governed by a model based on what we know about life on Earth (terran life). Most of NASA's mission planning is focused on locations where liquid water is possible and emphasizes searches for structures that resemble cells in terran organisms. It is possible, however, that life exists that is based on chemical reactions that do not involve carbon compounds, that occurs in solvents other than water, or that involves oxidation-reduction reactions without oxygen gas. To assist NASA incorporate this possibility in its efforts to search for life, the NRC was asked to carry out a study to evaluate whether nonstandard biochemistry might support life in solar system and conceivable extrasolar environments, and to define areas to guide research in this area. This book presents an exploration of a limited set of hypothetical chemistries of life, a review of current knowledge concerning key questions or hypotheses about nonterran life, and suggestions for future research.

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Page Count

116

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309179564

ISBN 13

9780309179560

Signs of Life

A Report Based on the April 2000 Workshop on Life Detection Techniques

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Signs of Life

A Report Based on the April 2000 Workshop on Life Detection Techniques

A workshop to assess the science and technology of life detection techniques was organized by the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (COEL) of the Board on Life Sciences (BLS) and the Space Studies Board (SSB). Topics discussed in the workshop included the search for extraterrestrial life in situ and in the laboratory, extant life and the signature of extinct life, and determination of the point of origin (terrestrial or not) of detected organisms.

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226

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309083060

ISBN 13

9780309083065

A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030

Earth in Time

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Catalyzing Opportunities for Research in the Earth Sciences (CORES): A Decadal Survey for NSFâ¬"s Division of Earth Sciences

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A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030

Earth in Time

The Earth system functions and connects in unexpected ways - from the microscopic interactions of bacteria and rocks to the macro-scale processes that build and erode mountains and regulate Earth's climate. Efforts to study Earth's intertwined processes are made even more pertinent and urgent by the need to understand how the Earth can continue to sustain both civilization and the planet's biodiversity. A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 2020-2030: Earth in Time provides recommendations to help the National Science Foundation plan and support the next decade of Earth science research, focusing on research priorities, infrastructure and facilities, and partnerships. This report presents a compelling and vibrant vision of the future of Earth science research.

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145

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309676037

ISBN 13

9780309676038

Research Frontiers in Bioinspired Energy

Molecular-Level Learning from Natural Systems: Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Research Frontiers in Bioinspired Energy

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Research Frontiers in Bioinspired Energy

Molecular-Level Learning from Natural Systems: Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on Research Frontiers in Bioinspired Energy

In May 2007, the National Academies Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a public workshop on the topic of Bioinspired Chemistry for Energy, where government, academic, and industry representatives discussed promising research developments in solar-generated fuels, hydrogen-processing enzymes, artificial photosynthetic systems, and biological-based fuel cells. Workshop participants identified the need for a follow-up activity that would explore bioinspired energy processes in more depth and involve a wider array of disciplines as speakers and participants. Particularly, workshop participants stressed the importance of holding a workshop that would include more researchers from the biological sciences and engineering, as well as those involved in technological advances that enable progress in understanding these systems. Building upon the 2007 workshop, the National Academies Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology convened the Committee on Research Frontiers in Bioinspired Energy to organize a second workshop in 2011 which, according to the statement of task, would explore the molecular-level frontiers of energy processes in nature through an interactive, multidisciplinary, and public format. Specifically, the committee was charged to feature invited presentations and include discussion of key biological energy capture, storage, and transformation processes; gaps in knowledge and barriers to transitioning the current state of knowledge into applications; and underdeveloped research opportunities that might exist beyond disciplinary boundaries. Research Frontiers in Bioinspired Energy is an account of what occurred at the 2011 workshop, and does not attempt to present any consensus findings or recommendations of the workshop participants. It summarizes the views expressed by workshop participants, and while the committee is responsible for the overall quality and accuracy of the report as a record of what transpired at the workshop, the views contained in the report are not necessarily those of the committee.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309220475

ISBN 13

9780309220477

The Geological Record of Ecological Dynamics

Understanding the Biotic Effects of Future Environmental Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on the Geologic Record of Biosphere Dynamics

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The Geological Record of Ecological Dynamics

Understanding the Biotic Effects of Future Environmental Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on the Geologic Record of Biosphere Dynamics

In order to answer important questions about ecosystems and biodiversity, scientists can look to the past geological recordâ€"which includes fossils, sediment and ice cores, and tree rings. Because of recent advances in earth scientists' ability to analyze biological and environmental information from geological data, the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey asked a National Research Council (NRC) committee to assess the scientific opportunities provided by the geologic record and recommend how scientists can take advantage of these opportunities for the nation's benefit. The committee identified three initiatives for future research to be developed over the next decade: (1) use the geological record as a "natural laboratory" to explore changes in living things under a range of past conditions, (2) use the record to better predict the response of biological systems to climate change, and (3) use geologic information to evaluate the effects of human and non-human factors on ecosystems. The committee also offered suggestions for improving the field through better training, improved databases, and additional funding.

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214

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309165326

ISBN 13

9780309165327

Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on an Ocean Infrastructure Strategy for U.S. Ocean Research in 2030

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Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on an Ocean Infrastructure Strategy for U.S. Ocean Research in 2030

The United States has jurisdiction over 3.4 million square miles of ocean in its exclusive economic zone, a size exceeding the combined land area of the 50 states. This expansive marine area represents a prime national domain for activities such as maritime transportation, national security, energy and mineral extraction, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism and recreation. However, it also carries with it the threat of damaging and outbreaks of waterborne pathogens. The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami are vivid reminders that ocean activities and processes have direct human implications both nationally and worldwide, understanding of the ocean system is still incomplete, and ocean research infrastructure is needed to support both fundamental research and societal priorities. Given current struggles to maintain, operate, and upgrade major infrastructure elements while maintaining a robust research portfolio, a strategic plan is needed for future investments to ensure that new facilities provide the greatest value, least redundancy, and highest efficiency in terms of operation and flexibility to incorporate new technological advances. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 identifies major research questions anticipated to be at the forefront of ocean science in 2030 based on national and international assessments, input from the worldwide scientific community, and ongoing research planning activities. This report defines categories of infrastructure that should be included in planning for the nation's ocean research infrastructure of 2030 and that will be required to answer the major research questions of the future. Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 provides advice on the criteria and processes that could be used to set priorities for the development of new ocean infrastructure or replacement of existing facilities. In addition, this report recommends ways in which the federal agencies can maximize the value of investments in ocean infrastructure.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309217083

ISBN 13

9780309217088

Origin and Evolution of Earth

Research Questions for a Changing Planet

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Grand Research Questions in the Solid-Earth Sciences

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Origin and Evolution of Earth

Research Questions for a Changing Planet

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Grand Research Questions in the Solid-Earth Sciences

Questions about the origin and nature of Earth and the life on it have long preoccupied human thought and the scientific endeavor. Deciphering the planet's history and processes could improve the ability to predict catastrophes like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, to manage Earth's resources, and to anticipate changes in climate and geologic processes. At the request of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, and U.S. Geological Survey, the National Research Council assembled a committee to propose and explore grand questions in geological and planetary science. This book captures, in a series of questions, the essential scientific challenges that constitute the frontier of Earth science at the start of the 21st century.

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151

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309117178

ISBN 13

9780309117173

Landscapes on the Edge

New Horizons for Research on Earth's Surface

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in Earth Surface Processes

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Landscapes on the Edge

New Horizons for Research on Earth's Surface

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in Earth Surface Processes

During geologic spans of time, Earth's shifting tectonic plates, atmosphere, freezing water, thawing ice, flowing rivers, and evolving life have shaped Earth's surface features. The resulting hills, mountains, valleys, and plains shelter ecosystems that interact with all life and provide a record of Earth surface processes that extend back through Earth's history. Despite rapidly growing scientific knowledge of Earth surface interactions, and the increasing availability of new monitoring technologies, there is still little understanding of how these processes generate and degrade landscapes. Landscapes on the Edge identifies nine grand challenges in this emerging field of study and proposes four high-priority research initiatives. The book poses questions about how our planet's past can tell us about its future, how landscapes record climate and tectonics, and how Earth surface science can contribute to developing a sustainable living surface for future generations.

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180

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309140242

ISBN 13

9780309140249

An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on an Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars

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An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars

Three recent developments have greatly increased interest in the search for life on Mars. The first is new information about the Martian environment including evidence of a watery past and the possibility of atmospheric methane. The second is the possibility of microbial viability on Mars. Finally, the Vision for Space Exploration initiative included an explicit directive to search for the evidence of life on Mars. These scientific and political developments led NASA to request the NRC's assistance in formulating an up-to-date integrated astrobiology strategy for Mars exploration. Among other topics, this report presents a review of current knowledge about possible life on Mars; an astrobiological assessment of current Mars missions; a review of Mars-mission planetary protection; and findings and recommendations. The report notes that the greatest increase in understanding of Mars will come from the collection and return to Earth of a well-chosen suite of Martian surface materials.

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130

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309108519

ISBN 13

9780309108515

Materials Count

The Case for Material Flows Analysis

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources,Committee on Material Flows Accounting of Natural Resources, Products, and Residuals

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Materials Count

The Case for Material Flows Analysis

The rising population and industrial growth place increasing strains on a variety of material and energy resources. Understanding how to make the most economically and environmentally efficient use of materials will require an understanding of the flow of materials from the time a material is extracted through processing, manufacturing, use, and its ultimate destination as a waste or reusable resource. Materials Count examines the usefulness of creating and maintaining material flow accounts for developing sound public policy, evaluates the technical basis for material flows analysis, assesses the current state of material flows information, and discusses who should have institutional responsibility for collecting, maintaining, and providing access to additional data for material flow accounts.

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145

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309089441

ISBN 13

9780309089449

Space Studies Board Annual Report 2017

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board

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Space Studies Board Annual Report 2017

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board

The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, three months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2017 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers.

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129

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030947762X

ISBN 13

9780309477628

Scientific Ocean Drilling

Accomplishments and Challenges

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on the Review of the Scientific Accomplishments and Assessment of the Potential for Future Transformative Discoveries with U.S.-Supported Scientific Ocean Drilling

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Scientific Ocean Drilling

Accomplishments and Challenges

Through direct exploration of the subseafloor, U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling programs have significantly contributed to a broad range of scientific accomplishments in Earth science disciplines, shaping understanding of Earth systems and enabling new fields of inquiry. Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges reviews the scientific accomplishments of U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling over the past four decades. The book evaluates how the programs (Deep Sea Drilling Project [DSDP], 1968-1983, Ocean Drilling Program [ODP], 1984-2003, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program [IODP], 2003-2013) have shaped understanding of Earth systems and Earth history and assessed the role of scientific ocean drilling in enabling new fields of inquiry. This book also assesses the potential for transformative discoveries for the next proposed phase of scientific ocean drilling, which is scheduled to run from 2013 to 2023. The programs' technological innovations have played a strong role in these accomplishments. The science plan for the proposed 2013-2023 program presents a strong case for the continuation of scientific ocean drilling. Each of the plan's four themes identifies compelling challenges with potential for transformative science that could only be addressed through scientific ocean drilling, although some challenges appear to have greater potential than others. Prioritizing science plan challenges and integrating multiple objectives into single expeditions would help use resources more effectively, while encouraging technological innovations would continue to increase the potential for groundbreaking science.

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158

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309219019

ISBN 13

9780309219013

Facilitating Climate Change Responses

A Report of Two Workshops on Knowledge from the Social and Behavioral Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change,Panel on Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change Through the Behavioral and Social Sciences

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Facilitating Climate Change Responses

A Report of Two Workshops on Knowledge from the Social and Behavioral Sciences

The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, understanding the need for policy makers at the national level to entrain the behavioral and social sciences in addressing the challenges of global climate change, called on the National Research Council to organize two workshops to showcase some of the decision-relevant contributions that these sciences have already made and can advance with future efforts. The workshops focused on two broad areas: (1) mitigation (behavioral elements of a strategy to reduce the net future human influence on climate) and (2) adaptation (behavioral and social determinants of societal capacity to minimize the damage from climate changes that are not avoided). Facilitating Climate Change Responses documents the information presented in the workshop presentations and discussions. This material illustrates some of the ways the behavioral and social sciences can contribute to the new era of climate research.

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174

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309160324

ISBN 13

9780309160322

Confronting the Nation's Water Problems

The Role of Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Assessment of Water Resources Research

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Confronting the Nation's Water Problems

The Role of Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Assessment of Water Resources Research

In order to confront the increasingly severe water problems faced by all parts of the country, the United States needs to make a new commitment to research on water resources. A new mechanism is needed to coordinate water research currently fragmented among nearly 20 federal agencies. Given the competition for water among farmers, communities, aquatic ecosystems and other users-as well as emerging challenges such as climate change and the threat of waterborne diseases-Confronting the Nation's Water Problems concludes that an additional $70 million in federal funding should go annually to water research. Funding should go specifically to the areas of water demand and use, water supply augmentation, and other institutional research topics. The book notes that overall federal funding for water research has been stagnant in real terms for the past 30 years and that the portion dedicated to research on water use and social science topics has declined considerably.

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Page Count

325

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309092582

ISBN 13

9780309092586

Understanding the Changing Planet

Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences in the Next Decade

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Understanding the Changing Planet

Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences in the Next Decade

From the oceans to continental heartlands, human activities have altered the physical characteristics of Earth's surface. With Earth's population projected to peak at 8 to 12 billion people by 2050 and the additional stress of climate change, it is more important than ever to understand how and where these changes are happening. Innovation in the geographical sciences has the potential to advance knowledge of place-based environmental change, sustainability, and the impacts of a rapidly changing economy and society. Understanding the Changing Planet outlines eleven strategic directions to focus research and leverage new technologies to harness the potential that the geographical sciences offer.

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173

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309157234

ISBN 13

9780309157230

Biological Collections

Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Biological Collections: Their Past, Present, and Future Contributions and Options for Sustaining Them

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Biological Collections

Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century

Biological collections are a critical part of the nation's science and innovation infrastructure and a fundamental resource for understanding the natural world. Biological collections underpin basic science discoveries as well as deepen our understanding of many challenges such as global change, biodiversity loss, sustainable food production, ecosystem conservation, and improving human health and security. They are important resources for education, both in formal training for the science and technology workforce, and in informal learning through schools, citizen science programs, and adult learning. However, the sustainability of biological collections is under threat. Without enhanced strategic leadership and investments in their infrastructure and growth many biological collections could be lost. Biological Collections: Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century recommends approaches for biological collections to develop long-term financial sustainability, advance digitization, recruit and support a diverse workforce, and upgrade and maintain a robust physical infrastructure in order to continue serving science and society. The aim of the report is to stimulate a national discussion regarding the goals and strategies needed to ensure that U.S. biological collections not only thrive but continue to grow throughout the 21st century and beyond.

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245

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309498562

ISBN 13

9780309498562

Biodiversity

By: National Academy of Sciences/Smithsonian Institution,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,E.O. Wilson

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Biodiversity

By: National Academy of Sciences/Smithsonian Institution,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,E.O. Wilson

This important book for scientists and nonscientists alike calls attention to a most urgent global problem: the rapidly accelerating loss of plant and animal species to increasing human population pressure and the demands of economic development. Based on a major conference sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution, Biodiversity creates a systematic framework for analyzing the problem and searching for possible solutions.

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535

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309037395

ISBN 13

9780309037396

Groundwater Fluxes Across Interfaces

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Hydrologic Science

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Groundwater Fluxes Across Interfaces

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Hydrologic Science

Estimates of groundwater recharge and discharge rates are needed at many different scales for many different purposes. These include such tasks as evaluating landslide risks, managing groundwater resources, locating nuclear waste repositories, and estimating global budgets of water and greenhouse gasses. Groundwater Fluxes Across Interfaces focuses on scientific challenges in (1) the spatial and temporal variability of recharge and discharge, (2) how information at one scale can be used at another, and (3) the effects of groundwater on climate and vice versa.

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100

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309091136

ISBN 13

9780309091138

Advancing the Science of Climate Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change

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Advancing the Science of Climate Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change

Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.

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526

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309145880

ISBN 13

9780309145886

Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

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Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

Hydrologyâ€"the science of waterâ€"is central to our understanding of the global environment and its many problems. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences explains how the science of water historically has played second fiddle to its applications and how we now must turn to the hydrologic sciences to solve some of the emerging problems. This first book of its kind presents a blueprint for establishing hydrologic science among the geosciences. Informative and well-illustrated chapters explore what we know about the forces that drive the global water system, highlighting promising research topics in hydrology's major subfields. The book offers specific recommendations for improving hydrologic education, from kindergarten through graduate school. In addition, a chapter on the basics of the science is interesting for the scientist and understandable to the lay reader. This readable volume is enhanced by a series of brief biographical sketches of past leaders in the field and fascinating vignettes on important applied problems, from the relevance of hydrology to radioactive waste disposal to the study of ancient water flows on Mars. The volume concludes with a report on current research funding and an outline of strategies for scientists and professional societies to advance the field. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences is indispensable to policymakers in science and education, research managers in geoscience programs, researchers, educators, graduate students, and future hydrologists.

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367

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309042445

ISBN 13

9780309042444

Sea-Level Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Geophysics Study Committee

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Sea-Level Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Geophysics Study Committee

Sea-level rise may be one of the consequences of global warming. To understand changes in sea level caused by the "greenhouse effect," we must understand the factors that have caused the sea level to fluctuate significantly throughout history. This new volume explores current views among scientists on the causes and mechanisms of sea-level change. The authors examine measurement programs and make recommendations aimed at improving our understanding of the factors that affect sea level. It will be welcomed by scientists, engineers, and policymakers concerned about "greenhouse" issues and sea-level change, the environmental community, researchers, and students.

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247

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309040396

ISBN 13

9780309040396

Facing Hazards and Disasters

Understanding Human Dimensions

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences: Future Challenges and Opportunities

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Facing Hazards and Disasters

Understanding Human Dimensions

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences: Future Challenges and Opportunities

Social science research conducted since the late 1970's has contributed greatly to society's ability to mitigate and adapt to natural, technological, and willful disasters. However, as evidenced by Hurricane Katrina, the Indian Ocean tsunami, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, and other recent events, hazards and disaster research and its application could be improved greatly. In particular, more studies should be pursued that compare how the characteristics of different types of events-including predictability, forewarning, magnitude, and duration of impact-affect societal vulnerability and response. This book includes more than thirty recommendations for the hazards and disaster community.

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Page Count

408

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309164621

ISBN 13

9780309164627

The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Biology Teacher Inservice Programs

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The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Biology Teacher Inservice Programs

Scientists nationwide are showing greater interest in contributing to the reform of science education, yet many do not know how to begin. This highly readable book serves as a guide for those scientists interested in working on the professional development of K-12 science teachers. Based on information from over 180 professional development programs for science teachers, the volume addresses what kinds of activities work and why. Included are useful examples of programs focusing on issues of content and process in science teaching. The authors present "day-in-a-life" vignettes, along with a suggested reading list, to help familiarize scientists with the professional lives of K-12 science teachers. The book also offers scientists suggestions on how to take first steps toward involvement, how to identify programs that have been determined effective by teachers, and how to become involved in system-wide programs. Discussions on ways of working with teachers on program design, program evaluation, and funding sources are included. Accessible and practical, this book will be a welcome resource for university, institutional, and corporate scientists; teachers; teacher educators; organizations; administrators; and parents.

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250

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309176875

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9780309176873

Strengthening High School Chemistry Education Through Teacher Outreach Programs

A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

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Strengthening High School Chemistry Education Through Teacher Outreach Programs

A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Chemical Sciences Roundtable

A strong chemical workforce in the United States will be essential to the ability to address many issues of societal concern in the future, including demand for renewable energy, more advanced materials, and more sophisticated pharmaceuticals. High school chemistry teachers have a critical role to play in engaging and supporting the chemical workforce of the future, but they must be sufficiently knowledgeable and skilled to produce the levels of scientific literacy that students need to succeed. To identify key leverage points for improving high school chemistry education, the National Academies' Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a public workshop, summarized in this volume, that brought together representatives from government, industry, academia, scientific societies, and foundations involved in outreach programs for high school chemistry teachers. Presentations at the workshop, which was held in August 2008, addressed the current status of high school chemistry education; provided examples of public and private outreach programs for high school chemistry teachers; and explored ways to evaluate the success of these outreach programs.

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ISBN 10

0309128595

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9780309128599

DNA Technology in Forensic Science

By: Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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DNA Technology in Forensic Science

By: Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

Matching DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects is rapidly becoming a key source of evidence for use in our justice system. DNA Technology in Forensic Science offers recommendations for resolving crucial questions that are emerging as DNA typing becomes more widespread. The volume addreses key issues: Quality and reliability in DNA typing, including the introduction of new technologies, problems of standardization, and approaches to certification. DNA typing in the courtroom, including issues of population genetics, levels of understanding among judges and juries, and admissibility. Societal issues, such as privacy of DNA data, storage of samples and data, and the rights of defendants to quality testing technology. Combining this original volume with the new update--The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence--provides the complete, up-to-date picture of this highly important and visible topic. This volume offers important guidance to anyone working with this emerging law enforcement tool: policymakers, specialists in criminal law, forensic scientists, geneticists, researchers, faculty, and students.

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610

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045878

ISBN 13

9780309045872

Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants

The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants

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Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants

The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants

Transgenic crops offer the promise of increased agricultural productivity and better quality foods. But they also raise the specter of harmful environmental effects. In this new book, a panel of experts examines: â€¢ Similarities and differences between crops developed by conventional and transgenic methods â€¢ Potential for commercialized transgenic crops to change both agricultural and nonagricultural landscapes â€¢ How well the U.S. government is regulating transgenic crops to avoid any negative effects. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants provides a wealth of information about transgenic processes, previous experience with the introduction of novel crops, principles of risk assessment and management, the science behind current regulatory schemes, issues in monitoring transgenic products already on the market, and more. The book discusses public involvementâ€"and public confidenceâ€"in biotechnology regulation. And it looks to the future, exploring the potential of genetic engineering and the prospects for environmental effects.

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342

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170176

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9780309170178

An Astrobiology Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Astrobiology Science Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe

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An Astrobiology Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe

Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. It is an inherently interdisciplinary field that encompasses astronomy, biology, geology, heliophysics, and planetary science, including complementary laboratory activities and field studies conducted in a wide range of terrestrial environments. Combining inherent scientific interest and public appeal, the search for life in the solar system and beyond provides a scientific rationale for many current and future activities carried out by the National Aeronautics and Science Administration (NASA) and other national and international agencies and organizations. Requested by NASA, this study offers a science strategy for astrobiology that outlines key scientific questions, identifies the most promising research in the field, and indicates the extent to which the mission priorities in existing decadal surveys address the search for life's origin, evolution, distribution, and future in the universe. This report makes recommendations for advancing the research, obtaining the measurements, and realizing NASA's goal to search for signs of life in the universe.

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189

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309484162

ISBN 13

9780309484169

New Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on New Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation

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New Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on New Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences at the National Science Foundation

The 2001 National Research Council (NRC) report Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science (BROES) described how basic research in the Earth sciences serves five national imperatives: (1) discovery, use, and conservation of natural resources; (2) characterization and mitigation of natural hazards; (3) geotechnical support of commercial and infrastructure development; (4) stewardship of the environment; and (5) terrestrial surveillance for global security and national defense. This perspective is even more pressing today, and will persist into the future, with ever-growing emphasis. Today's world-with headlines dominated by issues involving fossil fuel and water resources, earthquake and tsunami disasters claiming hundreds of thousands of lives and causing hundreds of billions of dollars in damages, profound environmental changes associated with the evolving climate system, and nuclear weapons proliferation and testing-has many urgent societal issues that need to be informed by sound understanding of the Earth sciences. A national strategy to sustain basic research and training of expertise across the full spectrum of the Earth sciences is motivated by these national imperatives. New Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences identifies new and emerging research opportunities in the Earth sciences over the next decade, including surface and deep Earth processes and interdisciplinary research with fields such as ocean and atmospheric sciences, biology, engineering, computer science, and social and behavioral sciences. The report also identifies key instrumentation and facilities needed to support these new and emerging research opportunities. The report describes opportunities for increased cooperation in these new and emerging areas between EAR and other government agency programs, industry, and international programs, and suggests new ways that EAR can help train the next generation of Earth scientists, support young investigators, and increase the participation of underrepresented groups in the field.

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132

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309219248

ISBN 13

9780309219242

Mars Sample Return

Issues and Recommendations

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on Issues in Sample Return

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Mars Sample Return

Issues and Recommendations

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Task Group on Issues in Sample Return

The Space Studies Board of the National Research Council (NRC) serves as the primary adviser to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on planetary protection policy, the purpose of which is to preserve conditions for future biological and organic exploration of planets and other solar system objects and to protect Earth and its biosphere from potential extraterrestrial sources of contamination. In October 1995 the NRC received a letter from NASA requesting that the Space Studies Board examine and provide advice on planetary protection issues related to possible sample-return missions to near-Earth solar system bodies.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309057337

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9780309057332

The Earth's Electrical Environment

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Mathematics and Resources,Commission on Physical Sciences,Geophysics Research Forum,Geophysics Study Committee

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The Earth's Electrical Environment

This latest addition to the Studies in Geophysics series explores in scientific detail the phenomenon of lightning, cloud, and thunderstorm electricity, and global and regional electrical processes. Consisting of 16 papers by outstanding experts in a number of fields, this volume compiles and reviews many recent advances in such research areas as meteorology, chemistry, electrical engineering, and physics and projects how new knowledge could be applied to benefit mankind.

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279

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309036801

ISBN 13

9780309036801

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

IV. Continuing Research Progress

By: Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

IV. Continuing Research Progress

By: Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established regulatory standards to address health risks posed by inhaling tiny particles from smoke, vehicle exhaust, and other sources. At the same time, Congress and the EPA began a multimillion dollar research effort to better understand the sources of these airborne particles, the levels of exposure to people, and the ways that these particles cause disease. To provide independent guidance to the EPA, Congress asked the National Research Council to study the relevant issues. The result was a series of four reports on the particulate-matter research program. The first two books offered a conceptual framework for a national research program, identified the 10 most critical research needs, and described the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. The third volume began the task of assessing initial progress made in implementing the research program. This, the fourth and final volume, gauged research progress made over a 5-year period on each of the 10 research topics. The National Research Council concludes that particulate matter research has led to a better understanding of the health effects caused by tiny airborne particles. However, the EPA, in concert with other agencies, should continue research to reduce further uncertainties and inform long-term decisions.

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380

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309091993

ISBN 13

9780309091992

Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

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Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

Traditionally, the natural sciences have been divided into two branches: the biological sciences and the physical sciences. Today, an increasing number of scientists are addressing problems lying at the intersection of the two. These problems are most often biological in nature, but examining them through the lens of the physical sciences can yield exciting results and opportunities. For example, one area producing effective cross-discipline research opportunities centers on the dynamics of systems. Equilibrium, multistability, and stochastic behavior-concepts familiar to physicists and chemists-are now being used to tackle issues associated with living systems such as adaptation, feedback, and emergent behavior. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences discusses how some of the most important scientific and societal challenges can be addressed, at least in part, by collaborative research that lies at the intersection of traditional disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and physics. This book describes how some of the mysteries of the biological world are being addressed using tools and techniques developed in the physical sciences, and identifies five areas of potentially transformative research. Work in these areas would have significant impact in both research and society at large by expanding our understanding of the physical world and by revealing new opportunities for advancing public health, technology, and stewardship of the environment. This book recommends several ways to accelerate such cross-discipline research. Many of these recommendations are directed toward those administering the faculties and resources of our great research institutions-and the stewards of our research funders, making this book an excellent resource for academic and research institutions, scientists, universities, and federal and private funding agencies.

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122

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309147514

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9780309147514

Communicating Science Effectively

A Research Agenda

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on the Science of Science Communication: A Research Agenda

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Communicating Science Effectively

A Research Agenda

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on the Science of Science Communication: A Research Agenda

Science and technology are embedded in virtually every aspect of modern life. As a result, people face an increasing need to integrate information from science with their personal values and other considerations as they make important life decisions about medical care, the safety of foods, what to do about climate change, and many other issues. Communicating science effectively, however, is a complex task and an acquired skill. Moreover, the approaches to communicating science that will be most effective for specific audiences and circumstances are not obvious. Fortunately, there is an expanding science base from diverse disciplines that can support science communicators in making these determinations. Communicating Science Effectively offers a research agenda for science communicators and researchers seeking to apply this research and fill gaps in knowledge about how to communicate effectively about science, focusing in particular on issues that are contentious in the public sphere. To inform this research agenda, this publication identifies important influences â€" psychological, economic, political, social, cultural, and media-related â€" on how science related to such issues is understood, perceived, and used.

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153

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309451027

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9780309451024

Satellite Observations of the Earth's Environment

Accelerating the Transition of Research to Operations

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Space Studies Board,Committee on NASA-NOAA Transition from Research to Operations

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Satellite Observations of the Earth's Environment

Accelerating the Transition of Research to Operations

This report addresses the transition of research satellites, instruments, and calculations into operational service for accurately observing and predicting the Earth's environment. These transitions, which take place in large part between NASA and NOAA, are important for maintaining the health, safety, and prosperity of the nation, and for achieving the vision of an Earth Information System in which quantitative information about the complete Earth system is readily available to myriad users. Many transitions have been ad hoc, sometimes taking several years or even decades to occur, and others have encountered roadblocksâ€"lack of long-range planning, resources, institutional or cultural differences, for instanceâ€"and never reached fruition. Satellite Observations of Earth's Environment recommends new structures and methods that will allow seamless transitions from research to practice.

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182

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030908749X

ISBN 13

9780309087490

Decision Making for the Environment

Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Center for Economic, Governance, and International Studies,Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change,Panel on Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities for Environmental Decision Making

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Decision Making for the Environment

Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities

With the growing number, complexity, and importance of environmental problems come demands to include a full range of intellectual disciplines and scholarly traditions to help define and eventually manage such problems more effectively. Decision Making for the Environment: Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities is the result of a 2-year effort by 12 social and behavioral scientists, scholars, and practitioners. The report sets research priorities for the social and behavioral sciences as they relate to several different kinds of environmental problems.

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296

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309165393

ISBN 13

9780309165396

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