Division on Earth and Life Sciences's Books

Earth Materials and Health

Research Priorities for Earth Science and Public Health

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Research Priorities for Earth Science and Public Health

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Earth Materials and Health

Research Priorities for Earth Science and Public Health

A range of natural earth materials, like arsenic or fluoride, have long been linked to significant human health effects. Improved understanding of the pervasive and complex interactions between earth materials and human health will require creative collaborations between earth scientists and public health professionals. At the request of the National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, this National Research Council book assesses the current state of knowledge at the interface between the earth sciences and public health disciplines. The book identifies high-priority areas for collaborative research, including understanding the transport and bioavailability of potentially hazardous earth materials, using risk-based scenarios to mitigate the public health effects of natural hazards under current and future climate regimes, and understanding the health risks that result from disturbance of earth systems. Geospatial information - geological maps for earth scientists and epidemiological data for public health professionals - is identified as one of the essential integrative tools that is fundamental to the activities of both communities. The book also calls for increased data sharing between agencies to promote interdisciplinary research without compromising privacy.

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188

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309164494

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9780309164498

Preparing the Next Generation of Earth Scientists

An Examination of Federal Education and Training Programs

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Trends and Opportunities in Federal Earth Science Education and Workforce Development

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Preparing the Next Generation of Earth Scientists

An Examination of Federal Education and Training Programs

Earth science, which in this context does not include oceanic, atmospheric, and space sciences, is vital to the wellbeing of the United States and many of its issues, such as water resources, are expected to grow in importance. An earth science workforce will be needed to deal with this issues and it\'s important that this workforce draw on the talents of all citizens. Thus, federal education programs can be implemented to help attract and retain students on an earth science pathway; however, tight funding means agencies need to invest in programs that actually work. As a result, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Office of Science Quality and Integrity asked the National Research Council (NRC) to establish a committee to carry out a study, organized around a workshop, to address several tasks including: examining recent earth science education programs with a research or training component, both formal and informal, in these federal agencies; indentifying criteria and the results of previous federal program evaluations, and summarizing the knowledge and skills identified in recent NRC workforce reports that are needed by earth scientists in their careers. Preparing the Next Generation of Earth Scientists: An Examination of Federal Education and Training Programs presents the committee\'s finding. The investigation was completed through information provided by federal agency managers and published articles and reports. A 2-day workshop was also held to examine federal earth science education programs and efforts to leverage resources. The report includes the workshop agenda, a glossary of abbreviated terms, and more.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309287472

ISBN 13

9780309287470

Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Does the Public Trust Science? A Workshop Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Science Education,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences

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Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Does the Public Trust Science? A Workshop Summary

Does the public trust science? Scientists? Scientific organizations? What roles do trust and the lack of trust play in public debates about how science can be used to address such societal concerns as childhood vaccination, cancer screening, and a warming planet? What could happen if social trust in science or scientists faded? These types of questions led the Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a 2-day workshop on May 5-6, 2015 on public trust in science. This report explores empirical evidence on public opinion and attitudes toward life sciences as they relate to societal issues, whether and how contentious debate about select life science topics mediates trust, and the roles that scientists, business, media, community groups, and other stakeholders play in creating and maintaining public confidence in life sciences. Does the Public Trust Science? Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society highlights research on the elements of trust and how to build, mend, or maintain trust; and examine best practices in the context of scientist engagement with lay audiences around social issues.

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118

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309377951

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9780309377959

Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences

Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences

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Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences

Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences

Continuing advances in science and technology offer the promise of providing tools to meet global challenges in health, agriculture, the environment, and economic development; some of the benefits are already being realized. However, such advances have the potential to challenge the oversight systems for responsible conduct of life sciences research with dual use potential â€" research that may have beneficial applications but that also could be misused to cause harm. Between June 10 and 13, 2018, more than 70 participants from 30 different countries and 5 international organizations took part in an international workshop, The Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight, to promote global dialogue and increased common understandings of the essential elements of governance for such research. Hosted by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, Croatia, the workshop was a collaboration among the InterAcademy Partnership, the Croatian Academy, the Croatian Society for Biosafety and Biosecurity, and the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309477999

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9780309477994

Fulfilling the Promise

Biology Education in the Nation's Schools

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on High-School Biology Education

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Fulfilling the Promise

Biology Education in the Nation's Schools

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on High-School Biology Education

Why are students today not learning biology, appreciating its importance in their lives, or pursuing it as a career? Experts believe dismal learning experiences in biology classes are causing the vast majority of students to miss information that could help them lead healthier lives and make more intelligent decisions as adults. How can we improve the teaching of biology throughout the school curriculum? Fulfilling the Promise offers a vision of what biology education in our schools could beâ€"along with practical, hard-hitting recommendations on how to make that vision a reality. Noting that many of their recommended changes will be controversial, the authors explore in detail the major questions that must be answered to bring biology education to an acceptable standard: how elementary, middle, and high-school biology education arrived at its present state; what impediments stand in the way of improving biology education; how to properly prepare biology teachers and encourage their continuing good performance; and what type of leadership is needed to improve biology education.

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169

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309051479

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9780309051477

Biological Collections

Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Biological Collections: Their Past, Present, and Future Contributions and Options for Sustaining Them

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Biological Collections

Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century

Biological collections are a critical part of the nation's science and innovation infrastructure and a fundamental resource for understanding the natural world. Biological collections underpin basic science discoveries as well as deepen our understanding of many challenges such as global change, biodiversity loss, sustainable food production, ecosystem conservation, and improving human health and security. They are important resources for education, both in formal training for the science and technology workforce, and in informal learning through schools, citizen science programs, and adult learning. However, the sustainability of biological collections is under threat. Without enhanced strategic leadership and investments in their infrastructure and growth many biological collections could be lost. Biological Collections: Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century recommends approaches for biological collections to develop long-term financial sustainability, advance digitization, recruit and support a diverse workforce, and upgrade and maintain a robust physical infrastructure in order to continue serving science and society. The aim of the report is to stimulate a national discussion regarding the goals and strategies needed to ensure that U.S. biological collections not only thrive but continue to grow throughout the 21st century and beyond.

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245

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309498538

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9780309498531

Thinking Evolutionarily

Evolution Education Across the Life Sciences: Summary of a Convocation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Planning Committee on Thinking Evolutionarily: Making Biology Education Make Sense

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Thinking Evolutionarily

Evolution Education Across the Life Sciences: Summary of a Convocation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Planning Committee on Thinking Evolutionarily: Making Biology Education Make Sense

Evolution is the central unifying theme of biology. Yet today, more than a century and a half after Charles Darwin proposed the idea of evolution through natural selection, the topic is often relegated to a handful of chapters in textbooks and a few class sessions in introductory biology courses, if covered at all. In recent years, a movement has been gaining momentum that is aimed at radically changing this situation. On October 25-26, 2011, the Board on Life Sciences of the National Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences held a national convocation in Washington, DC, to explore the many issues associated with teaching evolution across the curriculum. Thinking Evolutionarily: Evolution Education Across the Life Sciences: Summary of a Convocation summarizes the goals, presentations, and discussions of the convocation. The goals were to articulate issues, showcase resources that are currently available or under development, and begin to develop a strategic plan for engaging all of the sectors represented at the convocation in future work to make evolution a central focus of all courses in the life sciences, and especially into introductory biology courses at the college and high school levels, though participants also discussed learning in earlier grades and life-long learning. Thinking Evolutionarily: Evolution Education Across the Life Sciences: Summary of a Convocation covers the broader issues associated with learning about the nature, processes, and limits of science, since understanding evolutionary science requires a more general appreciation of how science works. This report explains the major themes that recurred throughout the convocation, including the structure and content of curricula, the processes of teaching and learning about evolution, the tensions that can arise in the classroom, and the target audiences for evolution education.

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110

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309256925

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9780309256926

Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region

Refashioning Scientific Dialogue

By: Committee on Developing a Framework for an International Faculty Development Project on Education About Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential,Board on Life Science,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council,The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)

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Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region

Refashioning Scientific Dialogue

Spurred on by new discoveries and rapid technological advances, the capacity for life science research is expanding across the globeand with it comes concerns about the unintended impacts of research on the physical and biological environment, human well-being, or the deliberate misuse of knowledge, tools, and techniques to cause harm. This report describes efforts to address dual use issues by developing institutes around the world that will help life sciences faculty learn to teach about the responsible conduct of science. Based on the successful National Academies Summer Institute for Undergraduate Biology Education and on previous NRC reports on effective methods for teaching about dual use issues, the report's authoring committee designed a general framework for the faculty institutes and chose the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region to test a prototype faculty institute. In September 2012, the first Institute was held in Aqaba, Jordan, bringing together 28 participants from Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, and Yemen to engage with effective, evidence-based teaching methods, develop curricular materials for use in their own classrooms, and become community leaders on dual use and related topics. Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue offers insights from the institute that will help in the design and implementation of future programs in the MENA region, and in other parts of the world.

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153

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309286409

ISBN 13

9780309286404

Convergence

Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Key Challenge Areas for Convergence and Health

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Convergence

Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Key Challenge Areas for Convergence and Health

Convergence of the life sciences with fields including physical, chemical, mathematical, computational, engineering, and social sciences is a key strategy to tackle complex challenges and achieve new and innovative solutions. However, institutions face a lack of guidance on how to establish effective programs, what challenges they are likely to encounter, and what strategies other organizations have used to address the issues that arise. This advice is needed to harness the excitement generated by the concept of convergence and channel it into the policies, structures, and networks that will enable it to realize its goals. Convergence investigates examples of organizations that have established mechanisms to support convergent research. This report discusses details of current programs, how organizations have chosen to measure success, and what has worked and not worked in varied settings. The report summarizes the lessons learned and provides organizations with strategies to tackle practical needs and implementation challenges in areas such as infrastructure, student education and training, faculty advancement, and inter-institutional partnerships.

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234

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309301645

ISBN 13

9780309301640

Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century

Addressing Grand Challenges

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Ocean Studies Board,NAE Office of Programs,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Grand Challenges and Opportunites in Environmental Engineering for the Twenty-First Century

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Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century

Addressing Grand Challenges

Environmental engineers support the well-being of people and the planet in areas where the two intersect. Over the decades the field has improved countless lives through innovative systems for delivering water, treating waste, and preventing and remediating pollution in air, water, and soil. These achievements are a testament to the multidisciplinary, pragmatic, systems-oriented approach that characterizes environmental engineering. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges outlines the crucial role for environmental engineers in this period of dramatic growth and change. The report identifies five pressing challenges of the 21st century that environmental engineers are uniquely poised to help advance: sustainably supply food, water, and energy; curb climate change and adapt to its impacts; design a future without pollution and waste; create efficient, healthy, resilient cities; and foster informed decisions and actions.

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125

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309476526

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9780309476522

Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential

An International Faculty Development Project on Education About the Responsible Conduct of Science

By: Bibliotheca Alexandrina,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Developing a Framework for an International Faculty Development Project on Education about Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential

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Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential

An International Faculty Development Project on Education About the Responsible Conduct of Science

In many countries, colleges and universities are where the majority of innovative research is done; in all cases, they are where future scientists receive both their initial training and their initial introduction to the norms of scientific conduct regardless of their eventual career paths. Thus, institutions of higher education are particularly relevant to the tasks of education on research with dual use potential, whether for faculty, postdoctoral researchers, graduate and undergraduate students, or technical staff. Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential describes the outcomes of the planning meeting for a two-year project to develop a network of faculty who will be able to teach the challenges of research in the life sciences with dual use potential. Faculty will be able to incorporate such concepts into their teaching and research through exposure to the tenets of responsible conduct of research in active learning teaching methods. This report is intended to provide guidelines for that effort and to be applicable to any country wishing to adopt this educational model that combines principles of active learning and training with attention to norms of responsible science. The potential audiences include a broad array of current and future scientists and the policymakers who develop laws and regulations around issues of dual use.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030922120X

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9780309221207

The Geological Record of Ecological Dynamics

Understanding the Biotic Effects of Future Environmental Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on the Geologic Record of Biosphere Dynamics

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The Geological Record of Ecological Dynamics

Understanding the Biotic Effects of Future Environmental Change

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on the Geologic Record of Biosphere Dynamics

In order to answer important questions about ecosystems and biodiversity, scientists can look to the past geological recordâ€"which includes fossils, sediment and ice cores, and tree rings. Because of recent advances in earth scientists' ability to analyze biological and environmental information from geological data, the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey asked a National Research Council (NRC) committee to assess the scientific opportunities provided by the geologic record and recommend how scientists can take advantage of these opportunities for the nation's benefit. The committee identified three initiatives for future research to be developed over the next decade: (1) use the geological record as a "natural laboratory" to explore changes in living things under a range of past conditions, (2) use the record to better predict the response of biological systems to climate change, and (3) use geologic information to evaluate the effects of human and non-human factors on ecosystems. The committee also offered suggestions for improving the field through better training, improved databases, and additional funding.

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214

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309165326

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9780309165327

A Survey of Attitudes and Actions on Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences

A Collaborative Effort of the National Research Council and the American Association for the Advancement of Science

By: American Association for the Advancement of Science,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Committee on Assessing Fundamental Attitudes of Life Scientists as a Basis for Biosecurity Education

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A Survey of Attitudes and Actions on Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences

A Collaborative Effort of the National Research Council and the American Association for the Advancement of Science

The same technologies that fuel scientific advances also pose potential risks-that the knowledge, tools, and techniques gained through legitimate biotechnology research could be misused to create biological weapons or for bioterrorism. This is often called the dual use dilemma of the life sciences. Yet even research with the greatest potential for misuse may offer significant benefits. Determining how to constrain the danger without harming essential scientific research is critical for national security as well as prosperity and well-being. This book discusses a 2007 survey of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) members in the life sciences about their knowledge of dual use issues and attitudes about their responsibilities to help mitigate the risks of misuse of their research. Overall, the results suggest that there may be considerable support for approaches to oversight that rely on measures that are developed and implemented by the scientific community itself. The responses also suggest that there is a need to clarify the scope of research activities of concern and to provide guidance about what actions scientists can take to reduce the risk that their research will be misused by those with malicious intent.

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188

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309125103

ISBN 13

9780309125109

The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Biology Teacher Inservice Programs

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The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Biology Teacher Inservice Programs

Scientists nationwide are showing greater interest in contributing to the reform of science education, yet many do not know how to begin. This highly readable book serves as a guide for those scientists interested in working on the professional development of K-12 science teachers. Based on information from over 180 professional development programs for science teachers, the volume addresses what kinds of activities work and why. Included are useful examples of programs focusing on issues of content and process in science teaching. The authors present "day-in-a-life" vignettes, along with a suggested reading list, to help familiarize scientists with the professional lives of K-12 science teachers. The book also offers scientists suggestions on how to take first steps toward involvement, how to identify programs that have been determined effective by teachers, and how to become involved in system-wide programs. Discussions on ways of working with teachers on program design, program evaluation, and funding sources are included. Accessible and practical, this book will be a welcome resource for university, institutional, and corporate scientists; teachers; teacher educators; organizations; administrators; and parents.

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250

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309176875

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9780309176873

Integrating Research and Education

Biocomplexity Investigators Explore the Possibilities: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Planning Group for the Workshop on Integrating Education in Biocomplexity Research,Bridget K. B. Avila

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Integrating Research and Education

Biocomplexity Investigators Explore the Possibilities: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Planning Group for the Workshop on Integrating Education in Biocomplexity Research,Bridget K. B. Avila

The workshop summary provides guidance for researchers applying to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for funding. New NSF guidelines require applications to address the "broader impact" of the proposed research. Presentations at the workshop provided ideas on how to do this by engaging in undergraduate education, K-12 education or public outreach via museums or journalists. The workshop summary discusses issues to consider in choosing an appropriate collaborator for the education or outreach component of the project and how to build in methods for assessing the success of the project. It also provides lists of resources helpful in writing education proposals and discusses the similarities between research in education and scientific research.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309168422

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9780309168427

Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

By: International Union of Microbiological Societies,International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,IAPâ¬"The Global Network of Science Academies,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention: An International Workshop

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Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

During the last decade, national and international scientific organizations have become increasingly engaged in considering how to respond to the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and in assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to biological and chemical weapons nonproliferation. The latest example is an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Life Sciences and Related Fields summarizes the workshop, plenary, and breakout discussion sessions held during this convention. Given the immense diversity of current research and development, the report is only able to provide an overview of the areas of science and technology the committee believes are potentially relevant to the future of the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC), although there is an effort to identify areas that seemed particularly ripe for further exploration and analysis. The report offers findings and conclusions organized around three fundamental and frequently cited trends in S&T that affect the scope and operation of the convention: The rapid pace of change in the life sciences and related fields; The increasing diffusion of life sciences research capacity and its applications, both internationally and beyond traditional research institutions; and The extent to which additional scientific and technical disciplines beyond biology are increasingly involved in life sciences research. The report does not make recommendations about policy options to respond to the implications of the identified trends. The choice of such responses rests with the 164 States Parties to the Convention, who must take into account multiple factors beyond the project's focus on the state of the science.

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164

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309210747

ISBN 13

9780309210744

Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences

Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences

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Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences

Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences

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211

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National Academies Press

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0309478022

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9780309478021

Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential

An International Faculty Development Project on Education About the Responsible Conduct of Science

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Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential

An International Faculty Development Project on Education About the Responsible Conduct of Science

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National Academies Press

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030922117X

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9780309221177

Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

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Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

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164

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309210712

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9780309210713

Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Does the Public Trust Science? A Workshop Summary

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Trust and Confidence at the Interfaces of the Life Sciences and Society

Does the Public Trust Science? A Workshop Summary

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118

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0309377951

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9780309377959

Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

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Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

Traditionally, the natural sciences have been divided into two branches: the biological sciences and the physical sciences. Today, an increasing number of scientists are addressing problems lying at the intersection of the two. These problems are most often biological in nature, but examining them through the lens of the physical sciences can yield exciting results and opportunities. For example, one area producing effective cross-discipline research opportunities centers on the dynamics of systems. Equilibrium, multistability, and stochastic behavior-concepts familiar to physicists and chemists-are now being used to tackle issues associated with living systems such as adaptation, feedback, and emergent behavior. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences discusses how some of the most important scientific and societal challenges can be addressed, at least in part, by collaborative research that lies at the intersection of traditional disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and physics. This book describes how some of the mysteries of the biological world are being addressed using tools and techniques developed in the physical sciences, and identifies five areas of potentially transformative research. Work in these areas would have significant impact in both research and society at large by expanding our understanding of the physical world and by revealing new opportunities for advancing public health, technology, and stewardship of the environment. This book recommends several ways to accelerate such cross-discipline research. Many of these recommendations are directed toward those administering the faculties and resources of our great research institutions-and the stewards of our research funders, making this book an excellent resource for academic and research institutions, scientists, universities, and federal and private funding agencies.

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122

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309147514

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9780309147514

Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in Careers of Life Scientists

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Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in Careers of Life Scientists

In each year between 1994 and 1996, more than 7,000 individuals received a Ph.D. in life-science, and the number of graduates is rising sharply. If present trends continue, about half of those graduates will have found permanent positions as independent researchers within ten years after graduation. These statisticsâ€"and the labor market situation they reflectâ€"can be viewed either positively or negatively depending on whether one is a young scientist seeking a career or an established investigator whose productivity depends on the labor provided by an abundant number of graduate students. This book examines the data concerning the production of doctorates in life-science and the changes in the kinds of positions graduates have obtained. It discusses the impact of those changes and suggests ways to deal with the challenges of supply versus demand for life-science Ph.D. graduates. Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists will serve as an information resource for young scientists deciding on career paths and as a basis for discussion by educators and policymakers as they examine the current system of education linked to research and decide if changes in that system are needed.

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197

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309061806

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9780309061803

Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Value and Sustainability of Biological Field Stations, Marine Laboratories, and Nature Reserves in the 21st Century Science, Education, and Public Outreach

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Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century

For over a century, field stations have been important entryways for scientists to study and make important discoveries about the natural world. They are centers of research, conservation, education, and public outreach, often embedded in natural environments that range from remote to densely populated urban locations. Because they lack traditional university departmental boundaries, researchers at field stations have the opportunity to converge their science disciplines in ways that can change careers and entire fields of inquiry. Field stations provide physical space for immersive research, hands-on learning, and new collaborations that are otherwise hard to achieve in the everyday bustle of research and teaching lives on campus. But the separation from university campuses that allows creativity to flourish also creates challenges. Sometimes, field stations are viewed as remote outposts and are overlooked because they tend to be away from population centers and their home institutions. This view is exacerbated by the lack of empirical evidence that can be used to demonstrate their value to science and society. Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century summarizes field stations' value to science, education, and outreach and evaluates their contributions to research, innovation, and education. This report suggests strategies to meet future research, education, outreach, infrastructure, funding, and logistical needs of field stations. Today's technologies - such as streaming data, remote sensing, robot-driven monitoring, automated DNA sequencing, and nanoparticle environmental sensors - provide means for field stations to retain their special connection to nature and still interact with the rest of the world in ways that can fuel breakthroughs in the environmental, physical, natural, and social sciences. The intellectual and natural capital of today's field stations present a solid platform, but many need enhancements of infrastructure and dynamic leadership if they are to meet the challenges of the complex problems facing the world. This report focuses on the capability of field stations to address societal needs today and in the future.

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0309305373

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9780309305372

Life Sciences

Space Science in the Twenty-First Century -- Imperatives for the Decades 1995 to 2015

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Science Board,Task Group on Life Sciences

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Life Sciences

Space Science in the Twenty-First Century -- Imperatives for the Decades 1995 to 2015

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Science Board,Task Group on Life Sciences

Early in 1984, NASA asked the Space Science Board to undertake a study to determine the principal scientific issues that the disciplines of space science would face during the period from about 1995 to 2015. The findings of this study are published in this volume.

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154

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ISBN 10

0309038804

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9780309038805

Fostering the Culture of Convergence in Research

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies

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Fostering the Culture of Convergence in Research

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies

Convergence-based research approaches are critical in solving many scientific challenges, which frequently draw on large teams of collaborators from multiple disciplines. The 2014 report Convergence: Facilitating Transdisciplinary Integration of Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Beyond describes the term "convergence" as a multidisciplinary approach that melds divergent areas of expertise to form conclusions that are inaccessible otherwise. However, a convergence-based approach involves hybrid systems of people, buildings, and instruments, which pose complex structural and managerial challenges. In October 23â€"24, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore efforts to promote cultures that support convergence-based approaches to research. The 2014 report served as a foundation for this workshop, allowing participants to further explore convergence as a valuable and adaptable approach to organizing research. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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ISBN 10

0309484952

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9780309484954

Review of NASA's Solid-Earth Science Strategy

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee to Review NASA's Solid-Earth Science Strategy

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Review of NASA's Solid-Earth Science Strategy

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee to Review NASA's Solid-Earth Science Strategy

The report reviews NASA's solid-earth science strategy, placing particular emphasis on observational strategies for measuring surface deformation, high-resolution topography, surface properties, and the variability of the earth's magnetic and gravity fields. The report found that NASA is uniquely positioned to implement these observational strategies and that a number of agency programs would benefit from the resulting data. In particular, the report strongly endorses the near-term launch of a satellite dedicated to L-band InSAR measurements of the land surface, which is a key component of the U.S. Geological Survey's hazards mitigation program and the multi-agency EarthScope program.

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ISBN 10

0309092523

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9780309092524

Public Engagement on Genetically Modified Organisms

When Science and Citizens Connect: Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Science Education,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences

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Public Engagement on Genetically Modified Organisms

When Science and Citizens Connect: Workshop Summary

The National Research Council's Roundtable on Public Interfaces of the Life Sciences held a 2-day workshop on January 15-16, 2015, in Washington, DC to explore the public interfaces between scientists and citizens in the context of genetically engineered (GE) organisms. The workshop presentations and discussions dealt with perspectives on scientific engagement in a world where science is interpreted through a variety of lenses, including cultural values and political dispositions, and with strategies based on evidence in social science to improve public conversation about controversial topics in science. The workshop focused on public perceptions and debates about genetically engineered plants and animals, commonly known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), because the development and application of GMOs are heavily debated among some stakeholders, including scientists. For some applications of GMOs, the societal debate is so contentious that it can be difficult for members of the public, including policy-makers, to make decisions. Thus, although the workshop focused on issues related to public interfaces with the life science that apply to many science policy debates, the discussions are particularly relevant for anyone involved with the GMO debate. Public Engagement on Genetically Modified Organisms: When Science and Citizens Connect summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

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144

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309374243

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9780309374248

Environmental Contamination, Biotechnology, and the Law

The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information: Summary of a Forum

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Robert Pool, Ph.D.

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Environmental Contamination, Biotechnology, and the Law

The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information: Summary of a Forum

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Robert Pool, Ph.D.

On August 16, 2000, the Board on Life Sciences held a forum on "Environmental Contamination, Biotechnology, and the Law: The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information." The purpose of the forum was to explore the legal implications of current and developing biotechnology approaches to evaluating potential human health and environmental effects caused by exposure to environmental contaminants and to cleaning up contaminated areas. The forum brought together scientists from academe, government, and industry and members of the legal community, including lawyers and judges, to discuss the interface between the use of those approaches and the legal system.

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0309170974

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9780309170970

Sea Change

2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Guidance for NSF on National Ocean Science Research Priorities: Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences

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Sea Change

2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Guidance for NSF on National Ocean Science Research Priorities: Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences

Ocean science connects a global community of scientists in many disciplines - physics, chemistry, biology, geology and geophysics. New observational and computational technologies are transforming the ability of scientists to study the global ocean with a more integrated and dynamic approach. This enhanced understanding of the ocean is becoming ever more important in an economically and geopolitically connected world, and contributes vital information to policy and decision makers charged with addressing societal interests in the ocean. Science provides the knowledge necessary to realize the benefits and manage the risks of the ocean. Comprehensive understanding of the global ocean is fundamental to forecasting and managing risks from severe storms, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and managing ocean resources. In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is the primary funder of the basic research which underlies advances in our understanding of the ocean. Sea Change addresses the strategic investments necessary at NSF to ensure a robust ocean scientific enterprise over the next decade. This survey provides guidance from the ocean sciences community on research and facilities priorities for the coming decade and makes recommendations for funding priorities.

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188

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309366917

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9780309366915

Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk

A Research Strategy

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Advancing Understanding of the Implications of Environmental-Chemical Interactions with the Human Microbiome

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Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk

A Research Strategy

A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemicalâ€"microbiome interactions.

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123

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309468698

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9780309468695

Inspired by Biology

From Molecules to Materials to Machines

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Solid State Sciences Committee,Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes

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Inspired by Biology

From Molecules to Materials to Machines

Scientists have long desired to create synthetic systems that function with the precision and efficiency of biological systems. Using new techniques, researchers are now uncovering principles that could allow the creation of synthetic materials that can perform tasks as precise as biological systems. To assess the current work and future promise of the biology-materials science intersection, the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation asked the NRC to identify the most compelling questions and opportunities at this interface, suggest strategies to address them, and consider connections with national priorities such as healthcare and economic growth. This book presents a discussion of principles governing biomaterial design, a description of advanced materials for selected functions such as energy and national security, an assessment of biomolecular materials research tools, and an examination of infrastructure and resources for bridging biological and materials science.

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170

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309134293

ISBN 13

9780309134293

Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in Careers of Life Scientists

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Trends in the Early Careers of Life Scientists

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in Careers of Life Scientists

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196

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309173787

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9780309173780

The Role of Theory in Advancing 21st-Century Biology

Catalyzing Transformative Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Defining and Advancing the Conceptual Basis of Biological Sciences in the 21st Century

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The Role of Theory in Advancing 21st-Century Biology

Catalyzing Transformative Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Defining and Advancing the Conceptual Basis of Biological Sciences in the 21st Century

Although its importance is not always recognized, theory is an integral part of all biological research. Biologists' theoretical and conceptual frameworks inform every step of their research, affecting what experiments they do, what techniques and technologies they develop and use, and how they interpret their data. By examining how theory can help biologists answer questions like "What are the engineering principles of life?" or "How do cells really work?" the report shows how theory synthesizes biological knowledge from the molecular level to the level of whole ecosystems. The book concludes that theory is already an inextricable thread running throughout the practice of biology; but that explicitly giving theory equal status with other components of biological research could help catalyze transformative research that will lead to creative, dynamic, and innovative advances in our understanding of life.

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208

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030913417X

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9780309134170

Serving Science and Society Into the New Millenium

By: Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,U.S. Department of Energy,National Research Council

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Serving Science and Society Into the New Millenium

By: Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,U.S. Department of Energy,National Research Council

A symposium titled "Serving Science and Society into the New Millennium: The Legacy and the Promise" was held at the National Academy of Sciences on May 21-22, 1997. Speakers and panelists discussed the accomplishments and future of DOE's Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program. They also discussed a variety of multidisciplinary research activities, such as developing advanced medical diagnostic tools and treatments for human disease; assessing the health effects of radiation; tracking the regional and global movement of energy-related pollutants, and establishing the first human genome program. At the end of the symposium, 13 scientists who have been associated with the BER program and who have made significant contributions to its advancements and progress were honored. The proceedings volume includes the presentations made at the symposium.

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156

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ISBN 10

0309525136

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9780309525138

A New Biology for the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on a New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Coming Biology Revolution

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A New Biology for the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on a New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Coming Biology Revolution

Now more than ever, biology has the potential to contribute practical solutions to many of the major challenges confronting the United States and the world. A New Biology for the 21st Century recommends that a "New Biology" approach-one that depends on greater integration within biology, and closer collaboration with physical, computational, and earth scientists, mathematicians and engineers-be used to find solutions to four key societal needs: sustainable food production, ecosystem restoration, optimized biofuel production, and improvement in human health. The approach calls for a coordinated effort to leverage resources across the federal, private, and academic sectors to help meet challenges and improve the return on life science research in general.

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113

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ISBN 10

0309147867

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9780309147866

Safeguarding the Bioeconomy

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Health and Medicine Division,Policy and Global Affairs,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Forum on Cyber Resilience,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Safeguarding the Bioeconomy: Finding Strategies for Understanding, Evaluating, and Protecting the Bioeconomy While Sustaining Innovation and Growth

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Safeguarding the Bioeconomy

Research and innovation in the life sciences is driving rapid growth in agriculture, biomedical science, information science and computing, energy, and other sectors of the U.S. economy. This economic activity, conceptually referred to as the bioeconomy, presents many opportunities to create jobs, improve the quality of life, and continue to drive economic growth. While the United States has been a leader in advancements in the biological sciences, other countries are also actively investing in and expanding their capabilities in this area. Maintaining competitiveness in the bioeconomy is key to maintaining the economic health and security of the United States and other nations. Safeguarding the Bioeconomy evaluates preexisting and potential approaches for assessing the value of the bioeconomy and identifies intangible assets not sufficiently captured or that are missing from U.S. assessments. This study considers strategies for safeguarding and sustaining the economic activity driven by research and innovation in the life sciences. It also presents ideas for horizon scanning mechanisms to identify new technologies, markets, and data sources that have the potential to drive future development of the bioeconomy.

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393

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309495679

ISBN 13

9780309495677

The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life,Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems

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The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems

The search for life in the solar system and beyond has to date been governed by a model based on what we know about life on Earth (terran life). Most of NASA's mission planning is focused on locations where liquid water is possible and emphasizes searches for structures that resemble cells in terran organisms. It is possible, however, that life exists that is based on chemical reactions that do not involve carbon compounds, that occurs in solvents other than water, or that involves oxidation-reduction reactions without oxygen gas. To assist NASA incorporate this possibility in its efforts to search for life, the NRC was asked to carry out a study to evaluate whether nonstandard biochemistry might support life in solar system and conceivable extrasolar environments, and to define areas to guide research in this area. This book presents an exploration of a limited set of hypothetical chemistries of life, a review of current knowledge concerning key questions or hypotheses about nonterran life, and suggestions for future research.

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116

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309179564

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9780309179560

Finding the Path

Issues of Access to Research Resources

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Federal Policy for Access to Research Resources

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Finding the Path

Issues of Access to Research Resources

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Federal Policy for Access to Research Resources

On January 27-28, 1999, the NRC Commission on Life Sciences organized "Finding the Path: Issues of Access to Research Resources", a conference to explore the breadth of problems and opportunities related to obtaining and transferring research resources. The following summary of the 2-day meeting lays out the problems concerning access to research resources as discussed by 2 dozen speakers and members of the audience.

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ISBN 10

0309066255

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9780309066259

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