The early years of the history of Chinese film have lately been the subject of resurgent interest and a growing body of scholarship has come to recognise and identify an extraordinarily diverse and complex period. This volume explores the development of Chinese film from 1896 to 1949. The volume covers the screening of foreign films in Shanghai, Hong Kong and other coastal cities in China, the technological and industrial development of Chinese national cinema, key filmmakers and actors of early Chinese cinema, changing modes of representation and narration, as well as the social and cultural contexts within which early Chinese films were produced and circulated. The relationship between the War of Resistance against Japan and the Chinese civil war and Chinese film is also explored. The book will be essential reading for scholars and students in film studies, Chinese studies, cultural studies and media studies, helping readers develop a comprehensive understanding of Chinese film.
Since 1949, Chinese film has been greatly influenced by a variety of historical, cultural, and political events in the history of the People’s Republic of China. This volume explores the development of Chinese film from 1949 to 1976. This volume restores Chinese film to its original historical form and assesses its complex relationship with society, politics, culture, and art in the Maoist period. The 17-year films, Cultural Revolution-era films, the influence of model operas, and the documentary newsreels of Xinwen Jianbao are discussed. Combining a macro-perspective with a micro-perspective, the author analyzes the special characteristics of Chinese film in this period and showcases the inheritance and differences between earlier Chinese film and Chinese film in the newly founded the People’s Republic of China. The book will be essential reading for scholars and students in film studies, Chinese studies, cultural studies, and media studies, helping readers develop a comprehensive understanding of Chinese film.
In this absorbing study of the multiple lives of a literary classic that is also a popular pornographic text, Naifei Ding steals across the border between cultural studies and feminist/queer literary criticism. Bringing a gendered social history of modern print culture in China into a 'porous intimacy' with both a critique of interpretive power and a feminist 'counter-ethics' of reading, "Obscene Things" is a scholarly work of exceptional creativity. Ding herself is a wonderful storyteller, and her critical narration of the fortunes of "Jin Ping Mei" will inspire anyone concerned with the "how" of studying historical modalities of gender, sexuality, status, and cultural power."--Meaghan Morris, Lingnan University
This book focuses on the evaluation, coordination, and effects of China’s natural resource utilization. By adopting both quantitative and qualitative analyses, this book objectively evaluates the spatial distribution characteristics and coupling relationship of China’s natural resource utilization based on the status quo and prominent problems during resource utilization. Moreover, the environmental, economic, and price fluctuation effects of China’s natural resource utilization are discussed. Finally, current policy systems for efficient utilization of natural resources in China and abroad are provided, which suggest a way for China to achieve efficient utilization of natural resources through an appropriate policy mechanism. This book aims to seek the balance the utilization of natural resources and sustainable development in China. It puts forward a new paradigm of natural resource utilization by incorporating the efficiency evaluation, coordination measures, and effect mechanisms of different kinds of natural resources. The evaluation system and related research methods for the efficient utilization of natural resources are very mature, laying a foundation for the development of this book’s content. As the conservation of natural resources is widely accepted, this book helps readers understand how to achieve efficient natural resource utilization in China. Meanwhile, the study of resource utilization in China can provide insights for other countries.
This book presents twelve of the author’s selected essays on subjects related to contemporary Chinese thought and examines other significant works on the history of Chinese philosophy. By combing the basic political discourse on Confucianism, it highlights the significance of Confucian Socialism in the present day and explains the author’s reflections on the philosophy and modernization of Chinese thought. This book is a valuable resource for experts and scholars as well as for general readers who have an understanding of contemporary Chinese philosophy, offering deep insights into current Chinese thought and Confucian modernization.
The Reform and Opening-up of China since the late 1970s has not only transformed the economic and political situation of the country but also transformed the Chinese film industry. This volume focuses on the 40 years of the history of Chinese film in the post-Mao era. As all aspects of film production, distribution, and exhibition have been commercialized, Chinese film has become an industry of immense scale and has grown by leaps and bounds. Meanwhile, contemporary Chinese film is marked by a new zeitgeist, with Chinese film closely integrated with Chinese society and the economy. The author argues that the Chinese film industry clearly stands at a turning point where the future of Chinese film and the way to further awaken, change, and shape film production have become important issues worth consideration in contemporary film history. The book will be an essential reading for scholars and students in film studies, Chinese studies, cultural studies and media studies, helping readers to develop a comprehensive understanding of Chinese film.
There was a Girl, Zhang Zi, who had been pursuing Lu Ye ever since he was a student at Lu Ye's university, and who played tricks behind his back to get hold of Lu Ye. When Lu Ye found out that Li Meng Ying had gotten married, Zhang Zi chased after him relentlessly.In the advertising campaign of the company founded by Lu Ye, I met the image spokesperson recommended by the PR Department: Li Mengxia - Li Meng Ying twin sister.After that, Li Mengxia found out about the matter of Lu Ye and his twin sister and went to find Lu Ye. After that, Lu Ye continued to treat Li Mengxia very well, and Li Mengxue came to know that Lu Ye truly loved her, so she put out all sorts of difficult questions to test Lu Ye.After the matter of Lu Ye wooing Li Mengxia was found out by Zhang Zi, Zhang Zi used all kinds of public opinion methods to bombard Li Mengxia, but Lu Ye was even more protective of Li Mengxia than before.After recognizing her position, Zhang Zi left the city that Lu Ye was in.Lu Ye and Li Mengxia finally entered the marriage hall.
Having made friends with a horse, not only was I murdered in a series of murders, I also had a reputation as a beast that was worse than an animal. Retribution comes quickly, I never thought that my fiancée would actually have an affair with my best friend, this is simply preposterous! However, as I continued my search, I realized that this was the truth ...
This book is a comprehensive academic introduction of the natural conditions and cultural characteristics of the ChangJiang River Basin. Describing in detail the geographical location and natural conditions of the main stream and the tributaries as the starting point, the book compares the ChangJiang River Civilizations to other civilizations of large rivers of the same latitude. This book reveals the gradual deepening of the Chinese understanding the ChangJiang River, introduces the cultural divisions of the river valley, and describes the evolution of the civilizations in the basin. At the end of the book, the author points out that there are many ecological problems in the ChangJiang River valley, for which the Chinese people have taken many measures, such as water pollution control. Fishing in the main stream and important tributaries of the ChangJiang is banned for at least ten years. As a guide to analyze the natural conditions and cultural characteristics of the whole ChangJiang River Basin, this book enables researchers and common readers to have a relatively clear and comprehensive understanding in a relatively short period of time. Putting the ChangJiang River Civilization in the context of the world’s civilizations, this book makes it easier for readers to understand the uniqueness of the ChangJiang River Civilization and its contribution to the cultural diversity of the world.
Laser shock peening (LSP) is a relatively new surface treatment for metallic materials. LSP is a process to induce compressive residual stresses using shock waves generated by laser pulses. LSP can greatly improve the resistance of a material to crack initiation and propagation brought on by cyclic loading and fatigue. This pioneering book was the first of its kind to consolidate scattered knowledge into one comprehensive volume. It describes the mechanisms of LSP and its substantial role in improving fatigue performance in terms of modification of microstructure, surface morphology, hardness and strength. In particular it describes numerical simulation techniques and procedures which can be adopted by engineers and research scientists to design, evaluate and optimise LSP processes in practical applications. - Provides for the first time, a comprehensive coverage of this important area - Written by two world renowned experts
This article provides an analytical overview of major works on the topic of environmental governance in China, with a particular emphasis on studies examining policies during the reform era (post-1978). We begin by exploring the rise of China’s “environmental state” and the various institutional and political factors that shape state behavior. Next, we describe the complex relationship between the Chinese state and society, analyzing studies related to environmental public opinion, citizen action, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), green civil society, the role of the media, and China’s judiciary. Finally, we conclude by reviewing research on market-based mechanisms of environmental governance in China, including emissions trading schemes, environmental transparency, corporate information disclosure, and green finance.
This book focuses on civil engineering materials and nanotechnology. Highlighting recent advances in the field of nano-engineered cementitious composites, it discusses their key principles, design and fabrication, testing and characterization, performance and mechanisms, as well as applications. Future developments and remaining challenges are also outlined. Nano-engineered cementitious composites are exceptionally strong, durable and offer multifunctional/smart performance that differs considerably from that of normal cementitious composites. Providing valuable insights into these composites’ future development, the book offers an essential source of information, inspiration, theory and practical guidance for developing sustainable cementitious composites. As such, it will benefit researchers, scientists and engineers in the fields of civil engineering materials and nanotechnology alike.
For the past 30 years, The Chinese journal Time + Architecture (Shidai Jianzhu) has focused on publishing innovative and exploratory work by emerging architects based in private design firms who were committed to new material, theoretical and pedagogical practices. In doing so, this book argues that the journal has engaged in the presentation and production of a particular form of critical architecture - described as an ’intermediate criticality’ - as a response to the particular constraints of the Chinese cultural and political context. The journal’s publications displayed a ’dual critique’ - a resistant attitude to the dominant modes of commercial building practice, characterised by rapid and large-scale urban expansion, and an alternative publishing practice focusing on emerging, independent architectural practitioners through the active integration of theoretical debates, architectural projects, and criticisms. This dual critique is illustrated through a careful review and analysis of the history and programme of the journal. By showing how the work of emerging architects, including Yung Ho Chang, Wang Shu, Liu Jiakun and Urbanus, are situated within the context of the journal’s special thematic editions on experimental architecture, exhibition, group design, new urban space and professional system, the book assesses the contribution the journal has made to the emergence of a critical architecture in China, in the context of how it was articulated, debated, presented and perhaps even ’produced’ within the pages of the publication itself. The protagonists of critical architecture have endeavoured to construct an alternative mode of form and space with strong aesthetic and socio-political implications to the predominant production of architecture under the current Chinese socialist market economy. To rebel against certain forms of domination and suppression by capital and power is by no means to completely reject them; rather, it is to use thos
Based on an investigation of the WTO process and local protectionisms, Yining Ding's new book presents interesting research results in the following fields:- The interests of China and other countries in the WTO; - the historic and cultural background and economic incentive of regional protectionisms, the different influences of regional politicians on the reform and opening policy;- the administrative market monopoly during the transition economy and the route dependent behaviour of the reform and the local officials;- the "game" between central and local government;- the important role of Guanxi and its influence on the protective behaviour in relation to justice, abuse of administrative power, forged goods and the grabbing economy, foreign trade, and FDI; - Guanxi, rent-seeking and the structure of regional seigneur power;- the establishment of a model of different degrees of local protectionisms of sub-national governments.Yining Ding presents an empirical analysis and theoretical contributions to research on local protectionism and its influence on the post-WTO market in China and provides an overview of the Chinese status quo since accession into the WTO with up-to-date economic data. His book should serve economics majors, students in other areas with an interest in China and businessmen, investors and engineers who want to investigate or work in China well. In addition, this work should provide a guide or tool for readers to observe the current Chinese social development through different eyes.
The objective of this book is to introduce basic model-based FDI schemes, advanced analysis and design algorithms, and the needed mathematical and control theory tools at a level for graduate students and researchers as well as for engineers. This is a textbook with extensive examples and references. Most methods are given in the form of an algorithm that enables a direct implementation in a programme. Comparisons among different methods are included when possible.
This volume contains the proceedings from the International Conference on Nonlinear Evolutionary Partial Differential Equations held in Beijing in June 1993. The topic for the conference was selected because of its importance in the natural sciences and for its mathematical significance. Discussion topics include conservation laws, dispersion waves, Einstein's theory of gravitation, reaction-diffusion equations, the Navier-Stokes equations, and more. New results were presented and are featured in this volume. Titles in this series are co-published with International Press, Cambridge, MA.
A History of Design Institutes in China examines the intricate relationship between design institutes, the state, and, in later periods, the market economy through a carefully situated discussion of significant theoretical and historical issues including socialist utopia, collective and individual design, structural transformation, and architectural exportation, amongst others. It shows how, over the past six decades, China’s design institutes have served the state’s strategy for socialist construction and urbanisation to create socioeconomic and cultural value. Through first-hand research, authors Xue and Ding reveal how the tensions between pragmatism, creativity, collaboration, and resistance have played a crucial role in defining architectural production. Appealing to academics, researchers, and graduate students, this book provides a much-needed contribution to the discourse on architectural history, building practices, and policymaking in contemporary China.
Cooperative Control of Multi-Agent Systems: An Optimal and Robust Perspective reports and encourages technology transfer in the field of cooperative control of multi-agent systems. The book deals with UGVs, UAVs, UUVs and spacecraft, and more. It presents an extended exposition of the authors' recent work on all aspects of multi-agent technology. Modelling and cooperative control of multi-agent systems are topics of great interest, across both academia (research and education) and industry (for real applications and end-users). Graduate students and researchers from a wide spectrum of specialties in electrical, mechanical or aerospace engineering fields will use this book as a key resource. - Helps shape the reader's understanding of optimal and robust cooperative control design techniques for multi-agent systems - Presents new theoretical control challenges and investigates unresolved/open problems - Explores future research trends in multi-agent systems - Offers a certain amount of analytical mathematics, practical numerical procedures, and actual implementations of some proposed approaches
A timely and authoritative guide to the state of the art of wave scattering Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves offers in three volumes a complete and up-to-date treatment of wave scattering by random discrete scatterers and rough surfaces. Written by leading scientists who have made important contributions to wave scattering over three decades, this new work explains the principles, methods, and applications of this rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary field. It covers both introductory and advanced material and provides students and researchers in remote sensing as well as imaging, optics, and electromagnetic theory with a one-stop reference to a wealth of current research results. Plus, Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves contains detailed discussions of both analytical and numerical methods, including cutting-edge techniques for the recovery of earth/land parametric information. The three volumes are entitled respectively Theories and Applications, Numerical Simulation, and Advanced Topics. In the second volume, Numerical Simulations, Leung Tsang (University of Washington) Jin Au Kong (MIT), Kung-Hau Ding (Air Force Research Lab), and Chi On Ao (MIT) cover: * Layered media simulations * Rough surface and volume scattering simulations * Dense media models and simulations * Electromagnetic scattering by discrete scatterers and a buried object * Scattering by vertical cylinders above a surface * Electromagnetic waves scattering by vegetation * Computational methods and programs used for performing various simulations
Special distillation processes are required for separation of mixtures close to boiling point or for forming azeotrope mixtures into their pure components. In Special Distillation Processes, the authors focus on latest developments in the field, such as separation methods that may prove useful for solving problems encountered during research. Topics include extraction, membrane and adsorption distillation involving the separation principle, process design and experimental techniques. The relationship between the processes and the techniques are also presented. Comprehensive and easy-to-read, this book provides key information needed to understand the processes and is a valuable reference source for chemical engineers as well as students wishing to branch out in chemical engineering.* The only comprehensive book available on special distillation processes* Contains a thorough introduction to recent developments in the field* A valuable reference for students and engineers in chemical engineering
This book addresses the uncertainties of wind power modeled as interval numbers and assesses the physical modeling and methods for interval power flow, interval economic dispatch and interval robust economic dispatch. In particular, the optimization models are set up to address these topics and the state-of-the-art methods are employed to efficiently solve the proposed models. Several standard IEEE test systems as well as real-world large-scale Polish power systems have been tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed models and methods. These methods can be further applied to other research fields that are involved with uncertainty.
Introductory courses in combinatorial optimization are popular at the upper undergraduate/graduate levels in computer science, industrial engineering, and business management/OR, owed to its wide applications in these fields. There are several published textbooks that treat this course and the authors have used many of them in their own teaching experiences. This present text fills a gap and is organized with a stress on methodology and relevant content, providing a step-by-step approach for the student to become proficient in solving combinatorial optimization problems. Applications and problems are considered via recent technology developments including wireless communication, cloud computing, social networks, and machine learning, to name several, and the reader is led to the frontiers of combinatorial optimization. Each chapter presents common problems, such as minimum spanning tree, shortest path, maximum matching, network flow, set-cover, as well as key algorithms, such as greedy algorithm, dynamic programming, augmenting path, and divide-and-conquer. Historical notes, ample exercises in every chapter, strategically placed graphics, and an extensive bibliography are amongst the gems of this textbook.
The book starts with an introduction on silicon isotopes and related analytical methods, and explains the mechanisms of silicon isotope fractionation. Silicon isotope distributions in lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere are shown based on results from field studies, and silicon isotope relevance for applications are presented.
Mercenary King Chen Yang returned to the city to protect his comrade's sister, the goddess. In the bustling city, Chen Yang was like a fish in water, carefree and at ease. And to see how the previous generation's soldiers would use their iron fists and wits to build a business empire...
Distributed Optimization and Learning: A Control-Theoretic Perspective illustrates the underlying principles of distributed optimization and learning. The book presents a systematic and self-contained description of distributed optimization and learning algorithms from a control-theoretic perspective. It focuses on exploring control-theoretic approaches and how those approaches can be utilized to solve distributed optimization and learning problems over network-connected, multi-agent systems. As there are strong links between optimization and learning, this book provides a unified platform for understanding distributed optimization and learning algorithms for different purposes. - Provides a series of the latest results, including but not limited to, distributed cooperative and competitive optimization, machine learning, and optimal resource allocation - Presents the most recent advances in theory and applications of distributed optimization and machine learning, including insightful connections to traditional control techniques - Offers numerical and simulation results in each chapter in order to reflect engineering practice and demonstrate the main focus of developed analysis and synthesis approaches
How has the Chinese economy managed to grow at such a remarkable rate - no less than ten per cent per annum - for over three decades? This well-integrated book combines economic theory, empirical estimation, and institutional analysis to address one of the most important questions facing contemporary economists. A common thread that runs throughout the book is the underlying political economy: why China became a 'developmental state', and how it has maintained itself as a 'developmental state'. The book examines the causal processes at work in the evolution of China's institutions and policies. It estimates cross-country and cross-province growth equations to shed light on the proximate, and some of the underlying, determinants of the growth rate. It explores important consequences of China's growth, posing a series of key questions, such as: is the economy running out of unskilled labour; why and how has inequality risen; has economic growth raised happiness; what are the social costs of the overriding priority accorded to growth objectives; can China continue to grow rapidly, or will the maturing economy, or the macroeconomic imbalances, or financial crisis, or social instability, bring it to an end? Based mainly on original research, this book will be of interest to growth economists, development economists, transition economists, China specialists, policy-makers, and indeed all those who are intrigued by the Chinese growth phenomenon.
This book focuses on fault diagnosis for linear discrete time-varying (LDTV) systems and its applications in modern engineering processes, with more weighting placed on the development of theory and methodologies. A comprehensive and systematic study on fault diagnosis for LDTV systems is provided, covering H∞-optimization-based fault diagnosis, H∞-filtering-based fault diagnosis, parity space-based fault diagnosis, Krein space technique-aided fault detection and fault estimation, and their typical applications in linear/nonlinear processes such as satellite attitude control systems and INS/GPS systems. This book benefits researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of control engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, instrumentation science, and optoelectronic engineering.
MXene Membranes for Separations Explore critical and groundbreaking MXene applications and technologies In MXene Membranes for Separations, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and instructive summary of the latest research and techniques in the development of MXene. It offers an insightful view of MXene properties as a membrane in separation applications, including gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration. Covering various aspects of two-dimensional membranes based on MXene materials, the book summarizes the separation mechanism, compares separation performances, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. It also considers the research and industrial prospects of current MXene membranes for separation applications on nanofiltration, gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, and water/oil separation. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to 2D membranes, including membrane development, separation mechanisms, and fabrication methods Comprehensive explorations of MXene nanosheets and membranes, including the preparation and characterization of MXene nanosheets and membranes Practical discussions of MXene membranes for the isolation of antibiotics, including explorations of physical adsorption and advanced oxidation In-depth examinations of MXene membranes for ion separation Perfect for membrane scientists, materials scientists, and inorganic chemists, MXene Membranes for Separations will also earn a place in the libraries of complex chemists and engineering scientists seeking a timely overview of critical MXene applications.
This book provides an effective overall approach and concrete action strategies to help readers quickly grasp key aspects of project management and reduce the pressure during the learning process, so that they can soon start enjoying the fruits of successful project management. The problems discussed in this book have been drawn both from several years of theoretical research on the part of the author, and from communications between the author and hundreds of business executives and project managers from many domestic and international EMBA and CEO classes. The book’s unique content is written in an easy-to-follow tone with typical Chinese systemic and dialectical thinking, intended to help readers find the appropriate way to solve problems as they encounter them. One of the popular misunderstandings about project management is to make project managers to take most of the responsibilities for project success, i.e. senior managers in companies usually think project management is not their business. This book puts project management in business context to eliminate this misunderstanding and demonstrates that: only if the senior managers recognize the value of projects and play their roles in project governance and project management right, their companies can survive and develop in the changing society. In order to solve the contradiction between the uniqueness of a project and the efficiency/reliability of its management, this book examines, based on Chinese dial ectical logic, the basic preparation needed for successful project management, including how to use unified principles to manage projects with different characteristics, how to create company-wide project governance infrastructure to make project managers to be able to take their management responsibilities, and how to establish effective relationships among project stakeholders to make unique projects to be manageable structured partner social networks, etc. This book explains how to deal with the key contradictions existing in each phase of a project, from project decision-making to close-out. This book is basically for both top managers of companies and project managers, so it addresses many challenges companies and project managers will have to face in the changing society, and provides essential strategies and methods for overcoming them. This book is not an another book to talk about project management knowledge or successful project management stories, it is about basic project thinking and corresponding insights to deal with key common issues in projects, which are essential to manage projects and even companies reliably in the changing and unreliable society.
The subject of this book is civil engineering material and nanotechnology. Recent advances in nano-synthetic technologies and nanocomposite technologies as well as nano-surface modification technologies are driving the progressive exploitation of advanced nanomaterials. In view of their unique structures and mutual synergy, these advanced nanomaterials are expected to alleviate the dispersion issue of traditional nanomaterials in cement-based composites, improve their nanocomposite effectiveness and efficiency as well as impart new properties and functionalities to cement-based composites, thus boosting the development of new-generation cement-based nanocomposites. Based on the authors’ latest research accumulations and achievements, this book presents the fundamentals, fabrications, characterizations, performances and applications of the new-generation cement-based nanocomposites. It features numerous illustrations and data graphs as well as summary tables to visually describe the topics. This book is dedicated to students, researchers, scientists and engineers in the field of civil engineering materials and nanotechnology. The readers can find information on progress of civil engineering materials and nanotechnologies, cutting-edge research ideas and findings and practical guidance for developing sustainable and multifunctional cement-based nanocomposites.
Theory and Computation of Tensors: Multi-Dimensional Arrays investigates theories and computations of tensors to broaden perspectives on matrices. Data in the Big Data Era is not only growing larger but also becoming much more complicated. Tensors (multi-dimensional arrays) arise naturally from many engineering or scientific disciplines because they can represent multi-relational data or nonlinear relationships. - Provides an introduction of recent results about tensors - Investigates theories and computations of tensors to broaden perspectives on matrices - Discusses how to extend numerical linear algebra to numerical multi-linear algebra - Offers examples of how researchers and students can engage in research and the applications of tensors and multi-dimensional arrays
This volume analyzes Karl Marx’s understanding of science and technology and how it is associated with his focus on the perspective of history and human practice, seeking to illuminate a renewed understanding of science and technology from a Marxist angle. As the first volume of a three-volume set that proposes to reconsider science and technology and explores how the philosophy of science and technology responds to an ever-changing world, the book delves into Marx’s analysis of scientific and technological problems and phenomena across five chapters. The authors explain the positioning of science and technology and the Marxist theoretical perspective of history and practice from which Marx’s views on science and technology derive before an examination of three focal dimensions pertaining to science and technology: productivity, technological alienation and liberty. Not always viewed as central to Marx’s works, discussions on science and technology are often underdeveloped – but a reinterpretation of Marx’s thoughts on the issues corroborates the efficacy of Marxism in terms of understanding today’s world and especially the development of science and technology. The volume will appeal to scholars and students interested in Marxist philosophy, the philosophy of science and technology and topics related to scientific culture.
Based on the field investigation and the summary of the published research results of the April 20, 2013, Lushan, Sichuan, China, MS7.0 earthquake, having occurred along the same fault zone which accommodated the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake, this Brief tries to describe and discuss the special earthquake phenomenology associated with both the local geology and the changing society. Since the occurrence of this earthquake, there have been the scientific debates on (1) the seismo-tectonics of this earthquake which has no primary seismic fault discovered on the surface of the ground; (2) the relation between this earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake (i.e., whether it can be considered as one of the aftershocks); and (3) how well have been accomplished in the reduction of earthquake disasters, 5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. This Brief also tries to introduce the studies and practice of Chinese seismological agencies for the reduction of earthquake disasters. Due to language and cultural barriers, such an introduction makes sense not only for English readers but also for Chinese readers. For example, people (abroad) are always asking why there are so many Chinese seismologists working on earthquake prediction. In fact the Chinese wording 'earthquake prediction' has a much wider coverage than that in English. And actually the Chinese approach to (time-dependent) seismic hazard has no systematic difference from outside world in its methodology.
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