In this book Dimitrios Kyritsis advances an original account of constitutional review of primary legislation for its compatibility with human rights. Key to it is the value of separation of powers. When the relationship between courts and the legislature realizes this value, it makes a stronger claim to moral legitimacy. Kyritsis steers a path between the two extremes of the sceptics and the enthusiasts. Against sceptics who claim that constitutional review is an affront to democracy he argues that it is a morally legitimate institutional option for democratic societies because it can provide an effective check on the legislature. Although the latter represents the people and should thus be given the initiative in designing government policy, it carries serious risks, which institutional design must seek to avert. Against enthusiasts he maintains that fundamental rights protection is not the exclusive province of courts but the responsibility of both the judiciary and the legislature. Although courts may sometimes be given the power to scrutinize legislation and even strike it down, if it violates human rights, they must also respect the legislature's important contribution to their joint project. Occasionally, they may even have a duty to defer to morally sub-optimal decisions, as far as rights protection is concerned. This is as it should be. Legitimacy demands less than the ideal. In turn, citizens ought to accept discounts on perfect justice for the sake of achieving a reasonably just and effective political order overall.
This new book advances a fresh philosophical account of the relationship between the legislature and courts, opposing the common conception of law, in which it is legislatures that primarily create the law, and courts that primarily apply it. This conception has eclectic affinities with legal positivism, and although it may have been a helpful intellectual tool in the past, it now increasingly generates more problems than it solves. For this reason, the author argues, legal philosophers are better off abandoning it. At the same time they are asked to dismantle the philosophical and doctrinal infrastructure that has been based on it and which has been hitherto largely unquestioned. In its place the book offers an alternative framework for understanding the role of courts and the legislature; a framework which is distinctly anti-positivist and which builds on Ronald Dworkin's interpretive theory of law. But, contrary to Dworkin, it insists that legal duty is sensitive to the position one occupies in the project of governing; legal interpretation is not the solitary task of one super-judge, but a collaborative task structured by principles of institutional morality such as separation of powers which impose a moral duty on participants to respect each other's contributions. Moreover this collaborative task will often involve citizens taking an active role in their interaction with the law.
Multiscale Modelling in Biomedical Engineering Discover how multiscale modeling can enhance patient treatment and outcomes In Multiscale Modelling in Biomedical Engineering, an accomplished team of biomedical professionals delivers a robust treatment of the foundation and background of a general computational methodology for multi-scale modeling. The authors demonstrate how this methodology can be applied to various fields of biomedicine, with a particular focus on orthopedics and cardiovascular medicine. The book begins with a description of the relationship between multiscale modeling and systems biology before moving on to proceed systematically upwards in hierarchical levels from the molecular to the cellular, tissue, and organ level. It then examines multiscale modeling applications in specific functional areas, like mechanotransduction, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems. Multiscale Modelling in Biomedical Engineering offers readers experiments and exercises to illustrate and implement the concepts contained within. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to systems biology and multi-scale modeling, including a survey of various multi-scale methods and approaches and analyses of their application in systems biology Comprehensive explorations of biomedical imaging and nanoscale modeling at the molecular, cell, tissue, and organ levels Practical discussions of the mechanotransduction perspective, including recent progress and likely future challenges In-depth examinations of risk prediction in patients using big data analytics and data mining Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students of bioengineering, biomechanics, biomedical engineering, and medicine, Multiscale Modelling in Biomedical Engineering will also earn a place in the libraries of industry professional and researchers seeking a one-stop reference to the basic engineering principles of biological systems.
In the summer of 1943, after two years of total war on the Eastern Front, the Germans were ready to meet the Soviets on the decisive battlefield. The greatest tank battle of all time proved to be the beginning of the end for the Third Reich. The elite panzer formations were decimated and would never again regain their former strength. Nothing could turn the fortunes of the war for the Axis and their Soviet flood was not to be stopped until the ruins of Berlin.
The Allies launched their invasion of German-occupied Europe after 18 months of preparation: 3-1/2 million troops, more than 10,000 warplanes, and an armada of nearly 5,000 sea-going vessels stormed "Fortress Europe" and opened the long-awaited second front against Hitler's Reich. Includes the Allied bid for air superiority, the landings, a photo file, opposing commanders and forces, portable weapons, and many lesser-known details of the making of the new Western Front. Illustrated throughout with more than 60 b/w and 30 color photos, 6 maps, 21 equipment profiles, 13 uniform plates and specially commissioned artworks.
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