The invention ofthe laser 25years ago resulted in powerfullight sources which led to the observation of unexpected and striking phenomena. New fields of science such as holography and nonlinear optics developed constituting the basis of this volume. The classical principle of linear superposition of light wavesdoes not hold anymore. Two laser beams crossing in a suitable material may produce a set of new beams with different directions and frequencies. The interaction of light waves can be understood by considering the optical grating structures which develop in the overlap region. The optical properties of matter become spatially modulated in the interference region of two light waves. Permanent holographic gratings have been produced in this way by photographic processes for many years. In contrast, dynamic or transient gratings disappear after the inducing light source, usually a laser, has been switched off. The grating amplitude is controlled by the light intensity. Dynamic gratings have been induced in a large number ofsolids, liquids, and gases, and are detected by diffraction, 'forced light scattering' of a third probing beam, or by self-diffraction of the light waves inducing the grating. The combined interference and diffraction effect corresponds to four-wave mixing (FWM) in the language of nonlinear optics. The process is called degenerate ifthe frequenciesofthe three incident wavesand the scattered wave are equal. Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) is a simple method to achieve phase conjugation, i.e. to generate a wave which propagates time reversed with respect to an incident wave.
This book describes the research of the authors over more than a decade on an end-to-end methodology for the design and development of Web Information Systems (WIS). It covers syntactics, semantics and pragmatics of WIS, introduces sophisticated concepts for conceptual modelling, provides integrated foundations for all these concepts and integrates them into the co-design method for systematic WIS development. WIS, i.e. data-intensive information systems that are realized in a way that arbitrary users can access them via web browsers, constitute a prominent class of information systems, for which acceptance by its a priori unknown users in varying contexts with respect to the presented content, the ease of functionality provided and the attraction of the layout adds novel challenges for modelling, design and development. This book is structured into four parts. Part I, Web Information Systems – General Aspects, gives a general introduction to WIS describing the challenges for their development, and provides a characterization by six decisive aspects: intention, usage, content, functionality, context and presentation. Part II, High-Level WIS Design – Strategic Analysis and Usage Modelling with Storyboarding, introduces methods for high-level design of WIS covering strategic aspects and the storyboarding method, which is discussed from syntactic, semantic and pragmatic perspectives. Part III, Conceptual WIS Design – Rigorous Modelling of Web Information Systems and their Layout with Web Interaction Types and Screenography, continues with conceptual design of WIS including layout and playout. This introduces the decisive web interaction types, the screenography method and adaptation aspects. The final Part IV, Rationale of the Co-Design Methodology and Systematic Development of Web Information Systems, describes the co-design method for WIS development and its application for the systematic engineering of systems. The book addresses the research community, and at the same time can be used for education of graduate students and as methodological support for professional WIS developers. For the WIS research community it provides methods for WIS modelling on all levels of abstraction including theoretical foundations and inference mechanisms as well as a sophisticated end-to-end methodology for systematic WIS engineering from requirements elicitation over conceptual modelling to aspects of implementation, layout and playout. For students and professional developers the book can be used as a whole for educational courses on WIS design and development, as well as for more specific courses on conceptual modelling of WIS, WIS foundations and reasoning, co-design and WIS engineering or WIS layout and playout development.
Um die Erforschung der fruehmittelalterlichen Grundherrschaft haben sich seit den Achtziger Jahren vor allem deutsche, belgische und franz�sische Forscher in enger, grenzueberschreitender Kooperation verdient gemacht. Der von Brigitte Kasten im Fruehjahr 2004 zu Ehren von Dieter H�germann versammelte, internationale Kreis von Historikern, Arch�ologen und Philologen griff weit ueber die Analyse des Ph�nomens Grundherrschaft hinaus. Die in diesem Band ver�ffentlichten Beitr�ge dokumentieren damit erstmals die Erweiterung klassischer Positionen und Anliegen der fruehmittelalterlichen Agrargeschichte um moderne kulturwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen. Nicht die Institution, sondern der in den grundherrschaftlichen Strukturen verortete Mensch steht nunmehr im Mittelpunkt. Mit Beitr�gen von: Wolfgang Haubrichs, Jean-Pierre Devroey, Brigitte Englisch, Werner R�sener, Michel Parisse, Yitzhak Hen, Hans-Werner Goetz, Brigitte Kasten, Gesine Jordan, Jan Ulrich Buettner / S�ren Kaschke, Cordula Nolte, Heinrich Schmidt, Karl-Heinz Ludwig, Konrad Elmsh�user, Udo Recker / Michael Schefzik, Andreas Hedwig, Ulrich Weidinger, Matthias Springer.
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