Of system-number "Manganese", Part B, which de- scribes the Element Manganese, has been completed. Also completed is Part C, describing the compounds, with 10 volumes. Part A will present the history and occurence of manganese. Volume A 1 on the history has already been published, the other volumes dealing with occurence of manganese are in preparation. Part D is devoted to the coordination compounds. Part D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4, D 5 and D 6 thereof are already available. The present volume "Manganese D 7" continues the description of the coordination compounds. Complexes with nitriles, with nitro-hydrocarbons, and with ligands containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium are described. Many of the coordination compounds containing sulfur are of analytical or biological interest. A formula index lists the ligands and the empirical formulas.
The volume decribes the complexes of gallium with water, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, ethers, O-heterocycles, carboxylic acids, ammine, amines, and N-heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom in the ring. Many of these complexes are of fundamental importance in the industrial and analytical chemistry of gallium. A large number of publications describe the separation and quantification of gallium in the form of coordination compounds. This often involves extended solvent extraction studies. The present volume offers a state-of-the-art description of the complexes formed in both analytical procedures and industrial processes and will help the reader understand the fundamental chemistry involved. Certain gallium complexes are used in pharmacology. Complexes with the radionucleide 67Ga were tested to diagnose to locate malignant tumors. A widely used complex is 67gallium(III) citrate. This and other complexes are described in this volume were also tested as anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Despite the aforementioned use of gallium complexes in clinical and industrial chemistry, often only vague ideas exist about the precise composition of the complexes, even for isolated and stable compounds. The coordination chemistry of gallium requires aditional chemical and physicochemical studies using modern techniques. Therefore this new volume of the Gmelin Handbook will certainly inspire new research to fill the gaps in the chemistry of the important element gallium.
The volume decribes the complexes of gallium with water, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, ethers, O-heterocycles, carboxylic acids, ammine, amines, and N-heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom in the ring. Many of these complexes are of fundamental importance in the industrial and analytical chemistry of gallium. A large number of publications describe the separation and quantification of gallium in the form of coordination compounds. This often involves extended solvent extraction studies. The present volume offers a state-of-the-art description of the complexes formed in both analytical procedures and industrial processes and will help the reader understand the fundamental chemistry involved. Certain gallium complexes are used in pharmacology. Complexes with the radionucleide 67Ga were tested to diagnose to locate malignant tumors. A widely used complex is 67gallium(III) citrate. This and other complexes are described in this volume were also tested as anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Despite the aforementioned use of gallium complexes in clinical and industrial chemistry, often only vague ideas exist about the precise composition of the complexes, even for isolated and stable compounds. The coordination chemistry of gallium requires aditional chemical and physicochemical studies using modern techniques. Therefore this new volume of the Gmelin Handbook will certainly inspire new research to fill the gaps in the chemistry of the important element gallium.
Of system-number "Manganese", Part B, which de- scribes the Element Manganese, has been completed. Also completed is Part C, describing the compounds, with 10 volumes. Part A will present the history and occurence of manganese. Volume A 1 on the history has already been published, the other volumes dealing with occurence of manganese are in preparation. Part D is devoted to the coordination compounds. Part D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4, D 5 and D 6 thereof are already available. The present volume "Manganese D 7" continues the description of the coordination compounds. Complexes with nitriles, with nitro-hydrocarbons, and with ligands containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium are described. Many of the coordination compounds containing sulfur are of analytical or biological interest. A formula index lists the ligands and the empirical formulas.
First published in English in 1968, this book provides a critical guide to the wide field of the Middle English Romances and gives a helpful survey of the contemporary state of scholarship. Dr Mehl traces the development of Middle English Romances from thee thirteenth to the end of the fourteenth century, and interprets a number of these romances. The emphasis is literary, on their form and dominant themes rather than source-material or language.
In Naturalness, Dieter Birnbacher delves into an argument common in everyday thinking and ethics—the argument of naturalness. This argument suggests that what is natural is in some ways superior to what is artificial, due to repeated positive connotations associated with the natural. This book presents both a phenomenology and a critique. For the former, Naturalness reviews the role of naturalistic arguments in various domains of everyday language and reasoning as well as in political and ethical debates, especially regarding controversial issues in preservation. For the latter, it critically discusses the persuasiveness of naturalness, both intellectually and morally, and how it is currently no more than an expression of conservatism and resistance to change in basic orientations.
The present Supplement Volume Beryllium A 3 continues and completes the description of the physical properties of the element, begun in Supplement Volume A 2, 1991, and also treats the electrochemical behavior of the metal. The unique combination of the Be properties, which was pointed out in Supplement Volume A 2, is also demonstrated in the following chapters of this Volume A 3: 13. Electrical Properties 14. Electronic Properties 15. Optical Properties. Emission and Impact Phenomena 16. Electrochemical Behavior Starting with the electrical properties, Be isarather good electrical conductor in centrast to what might be expected. Superconductivity was studied, especially on films. Quantum effects, which are more pronounced in Be than in most other metals, are the reason for numerous in vestigations of the magnetoresistance and the magnetic-breakdown effect. The basis for many of the characteristic properties is the unique nature of bonding in Be as a consequence of its peculiar electronic structure and the special shape of its Fermi surface which also gave rise to further numerous studies. Detailed cluster calculations were per formed to better understand the bonding in the metal. Regarding the optical properties, the high reflectivity of Be, particularly in the infrared region, makes it attractive for the fabrication of precision optical surfaces (mirrors); it is also useful for solar-collector surfaces in spacecraft applications. Emission and electron-and ion impact phenomena as well as neutron optics are also discussed.
This fourth volume of the Supplement Series supplying the Main Volumes of the series "Perfluorohalogenoorgano Compounds of Main Group Elements" (Part 1 to 9) covers the heterocyclic compounds of nitrogen as the last main group element of this series. Compounds of the elements of main group 1 to 4, 6 (without 0), and of P, As, Sb, Bi, and I are presented in the Supplement Volumes 1 to 3. Concept, organization, and selection as to coverage of the material are the same as in the preceeding volumes. Title compounds are either newly synthesized ones or those compounds already referred in the Main Volume Parts 5 and 6 for which new facts have been published. I wish to thank Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. E. Fluck and his co-workers for their excellent cooperation and many colleagues for providing reprints and patents. One of us (U. Niemann) thanks Philips GmbH Forschungslaboratorium Aachen for generous support. November 1987 Bochum, A. Haas x Table of Contents Page 1 Three-Membered Perfluorohalogenoorgano Nitrogen Heterocycles 1-1 Formation and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1.1 Three-Membered Heterocycles with One N Atom.
This volume C 1 is the first supplement volume to "Phosphor" C which was published in 1965 and covers the compounds of phosphorus. Starting with the binary species formed between phosphorus and hydrogen, the present volume deals with the neutral mononuclear compounds PH through PH ; the ions featuring the same stoichiometric composition are s covered in separate sections. PH and PH are the major initial gaseous decomposition products of PH and, thus, also 2 J intermediates in many of its gas-phase reactions. Both molecules and their ions have been thoroughly investigated by a variety of modern, high-resolution spectroscopic methods during the last three decades. The coverage of their physical, and mostly molecular, properties re presents the largest part of the first two chapters (PH and ions pp. 2 to 47; PH and ions pp. 47 2 to 111). PH is the only compound described in this volume which is thermally stable under normal J conditions. It is the phosphorus analog of ammonia, but exhibits, however, a quite different chemical behavior towards most elements and compounds. The majority of its physical, and in particular spectroscopic, properties have been determined in great detail since the sixties, partially in regard to spectroscopic investigations of the atmospheres of the outer planets.
As was announced two years ago, the description of the physical properties of molybde num has now been completed in the present volume up to page 124. Whereas most properties, e.g., the electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, are dealt with in the usual manner, the results of studies of the atom and ion emission had to be presented in a revised form, comprising not only the most recent data but having in mind also the corresponding data for tungsten, which will be represented in a supplement volume now in preparation. The various modes of electron emission have also been studied in great detail. Many more pages (exactly 226 pages, as contrasted to three pages in the Main Volume) were needed to present the electrochemical data for molybdenum, which were published to an astonishingly great extent by Russian workers. The large volume of literature is due to the extensive industrial application of the metaL, cf. "MoLybdän" Erg.-Bd. A 1, 1977, and to its occurrence in various oxidation states. Thus the equilibrium between an Mo eLectrode and Mo ions or between an inert eLectrode and Mo ions is deaLt with in the chapters "Standard PotentiaLs" and "PotentiaLs", whereas kinetics and reaction mechanisms of the reduction and oxidation of Mo ions on a dropping mercury electrode and other inert eLectrodes can be found in the chapter "Polarography/ Voltammetry.
Oxomolybdenum Species in Aqueous Solutions (Continued) Oxomolybdenum Species in Nonaqueous Solvents Oxomolybdenum Species in Melts Peroxomolybdenum Species
Oxomolybdenum Species in Aqueous Solutions (Continued) Oxomolybdenum Species in Nonaqueous Solvents Oxomolybdenum Species in Melts Peroxomolybdenum Species
The present volume continues the edition of a number of supplement volumes dealing with the elements tungsten and molybdenum. The compounds of molybdenum with noble gases, hydrogen and oxygen, anhydrous antimony-, bismuth- and alkalimolybdates as well as compounds of molybdenum oxides with oxides of other metals have been described in volume B 1 and B 2. The oxide hydrates and the molybdate ions are dealt with in volume B 3a. The volume molybdenum supplement B 4 contains the hydrous oxocompounds of the metals Sb to Cr with molybdenum. Description of the element molybdenum is covered by the supplement volumes A 1, A 2a, A 2b and A3. In the first part of this volume the description of the oxomolybdenum (VI) species in aqueous solution, which was started in the "Molybdenum" Supplement Volume B 3a, 1987, is continued and completed with the Section on the chemical reactions. After a general overview on the chemical properties of the molybdate ions in aqueous solution, the typical reactions are treated in separate chapters, e.g., reduction, precipitation, formation of heteropolymolybdate ions, reactions with organic ligands, etc. The second part of this volume deals with the oxomolybdenum (VI) species in nonaqueous (organic) solvents. Most of the polymeric species are different from those occurring in aqueous media. The last Section on the oxospecies in solution describes the species in melts such as alkali chlorides, nitrates, and chromates. Finally, the peroxomolybdate ions are treated in a separate Section.
The major Indian treatise on Buddha nature is the Ratnagotravibhaga, also known as the Uttaratantra, and it is this core text that Klaus-Dieter Mathes focuses on in this book. Mathes demonstrates how its author, Go Lotsawa, ties the teachings on Buddha nature in with mainstream Mahayana thought while avoiding the pitfalls of the zhentong approach favored by the Jonang tradition. He also evaluates Go Lotsawa's position on Buddha nature against the background of interpretations by masters of the Kagyu, Nyingma, and Jonang schools.
The volume decribes the complexes of gallium with water, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, ethers, O-heterocycles, carboxylic acids, ammine, amines, and N-heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom in the ring. Many of these complexes are of fundamental importance in the industrial and analytical chemistry of gallium. A large number of publications describe the separation and quantification of gallium in the form of coordination compounds. This often involves extended solvent extraction studies. The present volume offers a state-of-the-art description of the complexes formed in both analytical procedures and industrial processes and will help the reader understand the fundamental chemistry involved. Certain gallium complexes are used in pharmacology. Complexes with the radionucleide 67Ga were tested to diagnose to locate malignant tumors. A widely used complex is 67gallium(III) citrate. This and other complexes are described in this volume were also tested as anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Despite the aforementioned use of gallium complexes in clinical and industrial chemistry, often only vague ideas exist about the precise composition of the complexes, even for isolated and stable compounds. The coordination chemistry of gallium requires aditional chemical and physicochemical studies using modern techniques. Therefore this new volume of the Gmelin Handbook will certainly inspire new research to fill the gaps in the chemistry of the important element gallium.
This fifth volume of the first supplement supplying the Main Volumes of the series Perfluorohalogenoorgano Compounds of Main Group Elements, Part 1 to 9, starts the treatment of the aliphatic and aromatic perfluorohalogenoorgano compounds of nitrogen. Amines, amides, imines, aminooxy derivatives, nitro- and nitroso compounds as well as azides, hydrazines and diazenes among others are described.
Beryllium Supplement Volume A2 describes the properties of the bulk metal, the main emphasis being on the crystallographic structure and the structure-related (mechanical) properties. The great importance of this metal, for instance in nuclear and space technologies, results from its unique combination of properties, i.e., low density, extremely high elasticity modulus, and relatively high melting point. In addition, Be played a particular role in studying the fundamental mechanisms of deformation in the lattices of metals. On this basis, numerous factors contributing to the ductility or brittleness of Be are discussed. Thermal and magnetic properties complete the description of Be in this volume.
Some years ago the Gmelin Institute started to supplement the volumes on halogens and halogen compounds. For the elements chlorine and fluorine these supplementary volumes have already been finished. For the element bromine the volume A 1 is also available. Now the volume B 1 will be published starting with the description of the compounds of bromine. The present volume describes the compounds of bromine with rare gases and with hydrogen. The volume is dominated by the description of HBr and its aqueous solution, hydrobromic acid. Chemical and physical properties of the diatomic molecule HBr are extremely well studied by modern methods. Thus detailed descriptions are given of gas-phase properties, spectra, and properties of condensed phases. Emphasis is laid on elementary reaction processes such as energy transfer and single reaction steps for HBr formation and decomposition. These studies have become classics of modern reaction kinetics. Likewise, elementary reactions of HBr and Br- with nonmetallic compounds are described comprehensively.
Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, presently comprising over 600 volumes, is the most comprehensive collection of chemical and physical data of the elements and their compounds in the world. It is Gmelin's first aim to assemble and systematically classify the research findings scattered throughout the innumerable publications of the international primary literature. This vast amount of information is classified on the basis of the chemical elements, which in itself contributes to "user friendliness". A survey of the contents of the Handbook is given in the Complete Catalog (published every second year, with supplements in between), which can, thus, be very helpful when beginning a search. Access to a specific compound becomes even easier through consultation of the Formula Index volumes. For over three years the Gmelin Formula Index (plus the Complete Catalog entries) has been available as an online database, GFI, from STN. Online searches provide for a most comfortable and fast access to the Handbook. GFI is the first constituent of the complete Gmelin database presently under development. Subscribers to the Handbook are entitled to a 50 % discount when searching GFI online.
The volume describes the chemical and physical properties of the approximately 80 known bromine compounds and ions which contain oxygen and/or nitrogen, and which may include hydrogen as well. The class of bromine-oxygen and bromine-oxygen-hydrogen compounds comprises several well-known species. Their description accounts for approximately three-quarters of the volume. The BrO radical and the BrO3 ion are the most and best studied among all binary bromine-oxygen species. BrO was recently recognized to play a role in some reaction sequences depleting the ozone concentration in the stratosphere. Bromate-ion-driven chemical oscillator systems have attracted much interest in recent decades. Thus data on single reaction steps which involve BrO3, BrO2, and the oxoacides of bromine - HBrO, HBrO2, and HBrO3 - are reviewed in detail; a comprehensive description of the oscillating systems, however, is beyond the scope of this volume. The remaining one-quarter of the volume is devoted to bromine-nitrogen and bromine-nitrogen-oxygen compounds. Bromine azide and nitrosyl bromide are the most comprehensively studied of these, accounting for almost half of this section.
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