This book tries to provide the reader with the basic information and elements of analysis which are necessary for forming opnions and making informed decisions in an area as controversial as electoral systems. Font Size= +1 Color= #FF0000 Limited
Report by the Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) prepared with the collaboration of Professor Dieter Nohlen. Adopted by the CDLR at its 22nd meeting, 1-4 December 1998
Report by the Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) prepared with the collaboration of Professor Dieter Nohlen. Adopted by the CDLR at its 22nd meeting, 1-4 December 1998
Report by the Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) prepared with the collaboration of Professor Dieter Nohlen. Adopted by the CDLR at its 22nd meeting, 1-4 December 1998
This volume C 1 is the first supplement volume to "Phosphor" C which was published in 1965 and covers the compounds of phosphorus. Starting with the binary species formed between phosphorus and hydrogen, the present volume deals with the neutral mononuclear compounds PH through PH ; the ions featuring the same stoichiometric composition are s covered in separate sections. PH and PH are the major initial gaseous decomposition products of PH and, thus, also 2 J intermediates in many of its gas-phase reactions. Both molecules and their ions have been thoroughly investigated by a variety of modern, high-resolution spectroscopic methods during the last three decades. The coverage of their physical, and mostly molecular, properties re presents the largest part of the first two chapters (PH and ions pp. 2 to 47; PH and ions pp. 47 2 to 111). PH is the only compound described in this volume which is thermally stable under normal J conditions. It is the phosphorus analog of ammonia, but exhibits, however, a quite different chemical behavior towards most elements and compounds. The majority of its physical, and in particular spectroscopic, properties have been determined in great detail since the sixties, partially in regard to spectroscopic investigations of the atmospheres of the outer planets.
The present Supplement Volume Beryllium A 3 continues and completes the description of the physical properties of the element, begun in Supplement Volume A 2, 1991, and also treats the electrochemical behavior of the metal. The unique combination of the Be properties, which was pointed out in Supplement Volume A 2, is also demonstrated in the following chapters of this Volume A 3: 13. Electrical Properties 14. Electronic Properties 15. Optical Properties. Emission and Impact Phenomena 16. Electrochemical Behavior Starting with the electrical properties, Be isarather good electrical conductor in centrast to what might be expected. Superconductivity was studied, especially on films. Quantum effects, which are more pronounced in Be than in most other metals, are the reason for numerous in vestigations of the magnetoresistance and the magnetic-breakdown effect. The basis for many of the characteristic properties is the unique nature of bonding in Be as a consequence of its peculiar electronic structure and the special shape of its Fermi surface which also gave rise to further numerous studies. Detailed cluster calculations were per formed to better understand the bonding in the metal. Regarding the optical properties, the high reflectivity of Be, particularly in the infrared region, makes it attractive for the fabrication of precision optical surfaces (mirrors); it is also useful for solar-collector surfaces in spacecraft applications. Emission and electron-and ion impact phenomena as well as neutron optics are also discussed.
In globally managed companies International Human Resource Management is more and more understood as coordination instrument, which uses finance oriented instruments as the International Remuneration Management System with stock option programs and the Berlin Human Capital Evaluation Model for the assessment of performance and remuneration of branch managers and leading positions.
This book is probably the most important source of evidence published up to now on the consolidation of democracy in Eastern Europe. It provides estimates of party positions, voter preferences and government policy from election programmes collected systematically for 51 countries from 1990 onwards. Time-series are presented in the text. This also reports party life histories (essential to over time analyses) and provides updated and newly validated vote statistics. All this information and much more is available on the devoted website described in the book. The final chapter gives instructions on how to access the data on your own computer. For comparative purposes, similar estimates of policy and preferences are given for CEE, OECD and EU countries. These estimates update the prize-winning data set covered in Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments 1945-1998 - also published by OUP. A must-buy for all commentators, students and analysts of democracy, in Eastern Europe and the world.
This book contends that conventional class concepts are not able to adequately capture social inequality and socio-cultural differentiation in Africa. Earlier empirical findings concerning ethnicity, neo-traditional authorities, patron-client relations, lifestyles, gender, social networks, informal social security, and even the older debate on class in Africa, have provided evidence that class concepts do not apply; yet these findings have mostly been ignored. For an analysis of the social structures and persisting extreme inequality in African societies – and in other societies of the world – we need to go beyond class, consider the empirical realities and provincialise our conventional theories. This book develops a new framework for the analysis of social structure based on empirical findings and more nuanced approaches, including livelihood analysis and intersectionality, and will be useful for students and scholars in African studies and development studies, sociology, social anthropology, political science and geography.
The volume decribes the complexes of gallium with water, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, quinones, ethers, O-heterocycles, carboxylic acids, ammine, amines, and N-heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom in the ring. Many of these complexes are of fundamental importance in the industrial and analytical chemistry of gallium. A large number of publications describe the separation and quantification of gallium in the form of coordination compounds. This often involves extended solvent extraction studies. The present volume offers a state-of-the-art description of the complexes formed in both analytical procedures and industrial processes and will help the reader understand the fundamental chemistry involved. Certain gallium complexes are used in pharmacology. Complexes with the radionucleide 67Ga were tested to diagnose to locate malignant tumors. A widely used complex is 67gallium(III) citrate. This and other complexes are described in this volume were also tested as anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. Despite the aforementioned use of gallium complexes in clinical and industrial chemistry, often only vague ideas exist about the precise composition of the complexes, even for isolated and stable compounds. The coordination chemistry of gallium requires aditional chemical and physicochemical studies using modern techniques. Therefore this new volume of the Gmelin Handbook will certainly inspire new research to fill the gaps in the chemistry of the important element gallium.
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