Light pollution has spread so much in the last few decades that it often compromises our view of the stars. It is becoming more and more difficult to find an observing site with clear, dark skies away from light and industrial pollution. However, with patience, some simple equipment, and by choosing the right targets to observe, amateur astronomers can still find observing from towns and cities a rewarding hobby. The result of thirty years of observing the night sky from within a city, Denis Berthier s practical guide will help amateur astronomers to enjoy their hobby without having to travel to distant sites, and without using complicated equipment or difficult techniques, enabling them to observe and photograph stars and planets as well as many other celestial objects.
This book is the User Manual for CSP-Rules-V2.1, a generic pattern-based (or rule-based) solver of finite binary Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs). The associated software, CSP-Rules-V2.1, is available on GitHub. It includes fully developed applications to logic puzzles such as Latin Squares, Sudoku, Futoshiki, Kakuro, Map Colouring, Numbrix, Hidato and Slithering.
The Hidden Logic of Sudoku" provides the first systematic perspective of the logical foundations and of the symmetries of the popular game. These are fully exploited to define new resolution rules, new graphical representations and an ordering of the rules consistent with their complexity. The classical pattern of xy-chains has been extended into a homogeneous set of chain rules that, when added to a few elementary rules, suffices to solve almost any puzzle. These rules are illustrated with a hundred puzzles with their full resolution paths. A large collection of puzzles has been processed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, leading to a precise evaluation of the efficiency of each rule. This pedagogical book is intended for both Sudoku players (who will discover many new facets of the game and new rules - all set in a uniform conceptual framework based on patterns) and teachers or students of Logic or AI (who will appreciate the strict logical foundations).
Constraint Resolution Theories" introduces a pure logic perspective of the finite Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP), with emphasis on finding the "simplest" solution. Based on constructive logic, the resolution paradigm involves resolution rules, i.e. logical formulae in the condition-action form, where the condition pattern implies the elimination of a candidate (a possible value for a CSP variable). Defining a resolution theory as a set of resolution rules, it introduces several families of such theories. Each of them carries its own notion of simplicity, defines a rating of CSP instances and satisfies two main theorems: the confluence property (guaranteeing that the associated rating has good computational properties) and a correspondence with a form of structured search procedure without guessing (Trial-and-Error). Throughout the book, Sudoku is used for illustrative purposes.
Light pollution has spread so much in the last few decades that it often compromises our view of the stars. It is becoming more and more difficult to find an observing site with clear, dark skies away from light and industrial pollution. However, with patience, some simple equipment, and by choosing the right targets to observe, amateur astronomers can still find observing from towns and cities a rewarding hobby. The result of thirty years of observing the night sky from within a city, Denis Berthier s practical guide will help amateur astronomers to enjoy their hobby without having to travel to distant sites, and without using complicated equipment or difficult techniques, enabling them to observe and photograph stars and planets as well as many other celestial objects.
A comprehensive portrait of the great French political thinker explores his life, work, travels in the United States, and writing of "Democracy in America.
This book gives the reader a straightforward and continuous survey of the history of the French Foreign Legion. By outlining the Legion's vicissitudes, victorious campaigns, epic marches, heroic and sometimes hopeless stands, dirtiest combats and dramatic defeats, but also by briefly placing the Legion back in the historical background of France, and by describing its development, organization, uniforms, equipments and weapons, the author hopes to dispel myths, and try to give a true and accurate picture of what the French Foreign Legion has been from 1831 until today. There are well-researched, detailed line drawings throughout.
In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte, who was all but Master of Europe, assembled a formidable expeditionary force at Toulon. While its purpose was unknown there was every reason to believe that Great Britain was its destination and the Nation was on invasion alert.The overwhelming British priority was for a fleet to be assembled and sent to the Mediterranean to destroy this threat before the French force could set sail.The burning issue was which of four Royal Naval flag officers should command this vital mission? The strong field in order of seniority was Admiral The Earl St Vincent, Rear Admirals Sir William Parker, Sir John Orde and Sir Horatio Nelson. The choice of Nelson who went on the win the Battle of Nice provoked great anger and even a challenge by Orde for a duel, only prevented buy the King's intervention.Nelson's and Orde's acrimonious relationship erupted in the months before the Battle of Trafalgar and is well documented in this fascinating book.
Denis Diderot (1713-1784) was one of the most significant figures of the French enlightenment. His political writings cover the period from the first volume of the Encyclopedie (1751), of which he was principal editor, to the third edition of Raynal's Histoire des Deux Indes (1780), one of the most widely read books of the pre-revolutionary period. This volume contains the most important of Diderot's articles for the Encyclopedie, a substantial number of his contributions to the Histoire, the complete texts of his Supplement au Voyage de Bougainville, one of his most visionary works, and his Observations sur le Nakaz, a precise and detailed political work translated here into English for the first time. The editors' introduction sets these works in their context and shows the underlying coherence of Diderot's thought. A chronology of events and a bibliography are included as further aids to the reader.
As an applied science, Enology is a collection of knowledge from the fundamental sciences including chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, bioengineering, psychophysics, cognitive psychology, etc., and nourished by empirical observations. The approach used in the Handbook of Enology is thus the same. It aims to provide practitioners, winemakers, technicians and enology students with foundational knowledge and the most recent research results. This knowledge can be used to contribute to a better definition of the quality of grapes and wine, a greater understanding of chemical and microbiological parameters, with the aim of ensuring satisfactory fermentations and predicting the evolution of wines, and better mastery of wine stabilization processes. As a result, the purpose of this publication is to guide readers in their thought processes with a view to preserving and optimizing the identity and taste of wine and its aging potential. This third English edition of The Handbook of Enology, is an enhanced translation from the 7th French 2017 edition, and is published as a two-volume set describing aspects of winemaking using a detailed, scientific approach. The authors, who are highly-respected enologists, examine winemaking processes, theorizing what constitutes a perfect technique and the proper combination of components necessary to produce a quality vintage. They also illustrate methodologies of common problems, revealing the mechanism behind the disorder, thus enabling a diagnosis and solution. Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine and Stabilization and Treatments looks at the wine itself in two parts. Part One analyzes the chemical makeup of wine, including organic acids, alcoholic, volatile and phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and aromas. Part Two describes the procedures necessary to achieve a perfect wine: the clarification processes of fining, filtering and centrifuging, stabilization, and aging. Coverage includes: Wine chemistry; Organic acids; Alcohols and other volatile products; Carbohydrates; Dry extract and mineral matter; Nitrogen substances; Phenolic compounds; The aroma of grape varieties; The chemical nature, origin and consequences of the main organoleptic defects; Stabilization and treatment of wines; The chemical nature, origin and consequences of the main organoleptic defects; The concept of clarity and colloidal phenomena; Clarification and stabilization treatments; Clarification of wines by filtration and centrifugation; The stabilization of wines by physical processes; The aging of wines in vats and in barrels and aging phenomena. The target audience includes advanced viticulture and enology students, professors and researchers, and practicing grape growers and vintners.
As a strategically located seat of European power, Paris was a prized target for invaders. Consequently, it was one of the world's most heavily fortified cities. Though many of the fortifications have been demolished, or hidden, they have left their imprint on the city, both physically and historically. To understand the history of Paris--and indeed, of France as a whole--one must understand the history of the fortifications. This heavily illustrated history begins with the period 300 B.C. to A.D. 987. Part II looks at the Medieval era (987-1512), a growth period for the city. Bastioned fortifications (1512-1874) are the focus of Part III, covering the era in which Paris modernized its defenses. Modern fortifications (1874-1944) are detailed in Part IV, ranging from the building of the second Parisian ring of polygonal forts to the end of World War II.
As an applied science, enology is a collection of knowledge from the fundamental sciences including chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, bioengineering, psychophysics, cognitive psychology, etc., and nourished by empirical observations. The approach used in the Handbook of Enology is thus the same. It aims to provide practitioners, winemakers, technicians and enology students with foundational knowledge and the most recent research results. This knowledge can be used to contribute to a better definition of the quality of grapes and wine, a greater understanding of chemical and microbiological parameters, with the aim of ensuring satisfactory fermentations and predicting the evolution of wines, an7thd better mastery of wine stabilization processes. As a result, the purpose of this publication is to guide readers in their thought processes with a view to preserving and optimizing the identity and taste of wine and its aging potential. This third English edition of The Handbook of Enology, is an enhanced translation from the 7h French 2017 edition, and is published in print as individual themed volumes and as a two-volume set, describing aspects of winemaking using a detailed, scientific approach. The authors, who are highly-respected enologists, examine winemaking processes, theorizing what constitutes a perfect technique and the proper combination of components necessary to produce a quality vintage. They also illustrate methodologies of common problems, revealing the mechanism behind the disorder, thus enabling a diagnosis and solution. Volume 1: The Microbiology of Wine and Vinifications addresses the first phase of winemaking to produce an "unfinished" wine: grading grape quality and maturation, yeast biology then adding it to the grape crush and monitoring its growth during vinification; and identifying and correcting undesired conditions, such as unbalanced lactic and acetic acid production, use of sulfur dioxide and alternatives, etc. Coverage includes: Wine microbiology; Yeasts; Yeast metabolism; The conditions for the development of yeasts; Lactic acid bacteria, their metabolism and their development in wine; Acetic bacteria; The use of sulfur dioxide in the treatment of musts and wines; Products and processes acting in addition to sulfur dioxide; Winemaking; The grape and its maturation; Harvesting and processing of grapes after harvest; Vinification in red and white wine making. The target audience includes advanced viticulture and enology students, professors and researchers, and practicing grape growers and vintners.
Facsimile edition to which is added: Catalogue 62, H.P. KRAUS, The Duveen Collection of Alchemy & Chemistry, supplementing the Bibliotheca Alchemica et Chemica. The Duveen Collection of Balneology.
The food industry has seen a rapid expansion in the manufacture of tailor-made ingredients for use in secondary processing. This new generation of intermediate food products (or IFPs) is transforming the food industry, offering greater flexibility, functionality, and consistency in processing. New Ingredients in Food Processing provides the food industry professional with a guide to the range of intermediate food products, their functionality, methods of manufacture, and applications. The first part of the book examines the development of IFPs, common functional properties, and methods of extraction and purification. It then covers IFPs derived from plants, milk, eggs, meat, and fish. IFPs from by-products such as whey and blood are also discussed. In part two, the book reviews IFPs manufactured from carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and natural pigments and aromas. In each case, the authors cover composition and functional properties, methods of manufacture, and applications.
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