What impact do revolutionary states have on the international community? This important study focuses on this question, showing major problems these states pose for the achievement of world order. It also examines whether the revolutionary state adapts to international standards of acceptable patterns of behavior or the international society is forced to change as a result of the emergence of these revolutionary states. The work also looks at the American, French, and Russian Revolutions, as well as several post-1945 revolutionary states to find the relationship between the revolutionary states and the principal ordering devices of international society.
A comparison of the cultural and political/institutional dimensions of war's impact on Greece during the Peloponnesian War, and the United States and the two Koreas, North and South, during the Korean War. It demonstrates the many underlying similarities between the two wars.
Law and Practice of the United Nations: Documents and Commentary combines primary materials with expert commentary demonstrating the interaction between law and practice in the UN organization, as well as the possibilities and limitations of multilateral institutions in general. Each chapter begins with a short introductory essay describing how the documents that ensue illustrate a set of legal, institutional, and political issues relevant to the practice of diplomacy and the development of public international law through the United Nations. Each chapter also includes questions to guide discussion of the primary materials, and a brief bibliography to facilitate further research on the subject. This second edition addresses the most challenging issues confronting the United Nations and the global community today, from terrorism to climate change, from poverty to nuclear proliferation. New features include hypothetical fact scenarios to test the understanding of concepts in each chapter. This edition contains expanded author commentary, while maintaining the focus on primary materials. Such materials enable a realistic presentation of the work of international diplomacy: the negotiation, interpretation and application of such texts are an important part of what actually takes place at the United Nations and other international organizations. This work is ideal for courses on the United Nations or International Organizations, taught in both law and international relations programs.
This second edition brings the collection up to date, including the newest research from the Communist side of the Cold War and the most recent debates on culture, race and intelligence.
Data of geology, oceanography, paleontology, plant geography, and anthropology focus on problems and lessons of Beringia. Includes papers presented at Symposium held at VII Congress of International Association for Quaternary Research, Boulder, Colorado, 1965.
A central puzzle in jurisprudence has been the role of custom in law. Custom is simply the practices and usages of distinctive communities. But are such customs legally binding? Can custom be law, even before it is recognized by authoritative legislation or precedent? And, assuming that custom is a source of law, what are its constituent elements? Is proof of a consistent and long-standing practice sufficient, or must there be an extra ingredient - that the usage is pursued out of a sense of legal obligation, or, at least, that the custom is reasonable and efficacious? And, most tantalizing of all, is custom a source of law that we should embrace in modern, sophisticated legal systems, or is the notion of law from below outdated, or even dangerous, today? This volume answers these questions through a rigorous multidisciplinary, historical, and comparative approach, offering a fresh perspective on custom's enduring place in both domestic and international law.
Election interference is one of the most widely discussed international phenomena of the last five years. Russian covert interference in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election elevated the topic into a national priority, but that experience was far from an isolated one. Evidence of election interference by foreign states or their proxies has become a regular feature of national elections and is likely to get worse in the near future. Information and communication technologies afford those who would interfere with new tools that can operate in ways previously unimaginable: Twitter bots, Facebook advertisements, closed social media platforms, algorithms that prioritize extreme views, disinformation, misinformation, and malware that steals secret campaign communications. Defending Democracies examines the problem through an interdisciplinary lens and focuses on: (i) defining the problem of foreign election interference, (ii) exploring the solutions that international law might bring to bear, and (iii) considering alternative regulatory frameworks for understanding and addressing the problem. The result is a deeply urgent examination of an old problem on social media steroids, one that implicates the most central institution of liberal democracy: elections. The volume seeks to bring domestic and international perspectives on elections and election law into conversation with other disciplinary frameworks, escaping the typical biases of lawyers who prefer international legal solutions for issues of international relations. Taken together, the chapters in this volume represent a more faithful representation of the broad array of solutions that might be deployed, including international and domestic, legal and extra-legal, ambitious and cautious.
Since the invention of the first laser 30 years ago, the frequency conversion of laser radiation in nonlinear optical crystals has become an important technique widely used in quantum electronics and laser physics for solving various scientific and engineering problems. The fundamental physics of three-wave light interactions in nonlinear optical crystals is now largely understood. This has enabled the production of the various harmonic generators, sum and difference frequency generators, and parametric oscillators based on nonlinear crystals that are now commercially available. At the same time, scientists continue an active search for novel high-efficiency optical materials. Therefore, in our opinion, there is a great need for a handbook of nonlinear optical crystals, intended for specialists and practitioners with an engineering background. This book contains a complete description of the properties and applications of all nonlinear crystals reported in the literature up to the beginning of 1990. In addition, it contains the most important equations for calculating the main parameters (such as phase-matching direction, effective non-linearity, and conversion efficiency) of nonlinear frequency converters.
The United Nations is a vital part of the international order. Yet this book argues that the greatest contribution of the UN is not what it has achieved (improvements in health and economic development, for example) or avoided (global war, say, or the use of weapons of mass destruction). It is, instead, the process through which the UN has transformed the structure of international law to expand the range and depth of subjects covered by treaties. This handbook offers the first sustained analysis of the UN as a forum in which and an institution through which treaties are negotiated and implemented. Chapters are written by authors from different fields, including academics and practitioners; lawyers and specialists from other social sciences (international relations, history, and science); professionals with an established reputation in the field; younger researchers and diplomats involved in the negotiation of multilateral treaties; and scholars with a broader view on the issues involved. The volume thus provides unique insights into UN treaty-making. Through the thematic and technical parts, it also offers a lens through which to view challenges lying ahead and the possibilities and limitations of this understudied aspect of international law and relations.
Nonlinear Optical Crystals contains the most complete and up-to-date reference material on properties of nonlinear optical crystals including: Traditional and specific applications The mathematical formulas necessary for the calculation of the frequency conversion process A survey of 63 nonlinear optical crystals containing more than 1500 different references with full titles Recent applications of common and novel nonlinear materials, including quasi-phase matching Special consideration for periodically-poled and self-frequency-doubling materials Significant amount of crystallophysical, thermophysical, spectroscopic, electro-optic and magneto-optic information
About the Book This book is an autobiography in which Judge Nsereko narrates the story of his journey from Nabinene, his home village in rural Uganda, to The Hague, the legal capital of the world. It also gives an overview of his scholarly activities and professional experience. It is a fascinating story, replete with anecdotes, including those of life under successive despotic regimes since Uganda’s independence. It is testimony to the value of good education and hard work, to the power of resilience and to the inestimable grace of God. It is also proof to the truth that it is not how you start but how you end that ultimately matters. About the Author Daniel David Ntanda Nsereko served as Judge of the Appeals Chamber at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), in The Hague, Netherlands, from 2012 to 2023. Prior to joining the STL, Nsereko also served as Judge of the Appeals Division at the International Criminal Court (ICC), also in The Hague. Before his election to the ICC, he was Professor of Law at the University of Botswana where he served as Head of the Department of Law for eight years. He also taught law at Makerere University in Uganda and at the University of British Columbia in Canada as Owen Brown Visiting Professor of Law. At the time of his election as Judge of the ICC, he was a List Counsel, a lawyer admitted to represent accused persons and victims before the Court. Whilst at the STL, Judge Nsereko was elected member of the Advisory Committee on Nominations of Judges, which vets candidates and advises States Parties to the Rome Statute on their suitability for election as judges of the ICC. He served on the Committee for six years. He is a distinguished scholar, particularly in the fields of international law, international criminal law and human rights. He is also an advocate and has practised law in Uganda.
This book is about the winter wind who wants to have fun with some farm animals by blowing on them and making them feel cold.Reading Level 15Text Type: Narrative (tale)
The little brown mouse, crept out of her house. She could see the yellow cheese on the mousetrap but did not see the big black cat. The little brown mouse tapped the mousetrap with her little brown paw. BANG went the mousetrap, EEK went the little brown mouse and she ran back to her hole. No cheese for the little brown mouse and no mouse for the big black cat.
Dad has to go to hospital to have his tonsils taken out. He is a bit scared and wants to take his favourite things with him.Reading Level 8Text Type: Narrative (information)
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