This study investigates the situation of Universal Health Care (UHC) in China from a health economic perspective. The first chapter introduces the historical background, analyzes the relevance of UHC and sheds light on the current health insurance status. In this chapter a new holistic health insurance theory is proposed that allows the inclusion of preventive medicine. The second chapter introduces the "Definition and concept" consisting of three dimensions: Firstly, the height dimension with the leading question "What proportion of the costs is covered?". Secondly, the depth dimension that is concerned with the question "Which benefits are covered?". This chapter puts a special focus on the important economic role of non-communicable diseases. Thirdly, the breadth dimension which investigates the question "Who is insured?". The third chapter, looking at the first dimension, found a high but shrinking amount of out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health payments. Comparing the payment and benefit distributions, it found the ability to pay principle and insufficient separation of health service payments from its consumption. The second dimension discovered problems concerning the roles of ministries, financing and the benefit package. Reforming these areas will be necessary to provide people with appropriate health care. The third dimension showed that migrant workers are exposed to more health risks, have less access to health care and a lower health status. The de facto coverage rate for the Chinese population (including migrant workers) was calculated to be 81.19% in 2011 and 82.16% in 2020. The goals of the Chinese Communist Party (90% in 2011 and nearly 100% in 2020) are hence not reached. The study closes with a "Summary and conclusion, a "Boundaries and discussion" and an "Outlook" section.
The rising prevalence of dementia in the population continues to pose a serious public health challenge in both the developed and the developing world. Previous editions of Dementia have become acknowledged as a key 'gold standard' work in this field, and have had a genuinely international approach. The third edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the most recent advances in the rapidly developing field of dementia research, adding further important detail to this already authoritative and detailed text. New material on mild cognitive impairment has been included, and the latest developments in areas such as service development and carer research are also covered. All the chapters have been revised to include the most up-to-date research in their field. This is an essential work of reference for specialists in old age psychiatry, neurology, and health care of the elderly. It should also be a useful resource for others working with patients with dementia, including general practitioners, nurses, psychologists, and other allied health professionals.
The volume deals with morphology, taxonomy and systematics of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae and bacteria associated with these nematodes. In the first part, history, taxonomic status, family and genus definitions of EPN are mentioned. In the second part, all useful aspects of morphology and methodology of EPN are mentioned with illustrations and SEM photographs and instructions on how to make the measurements, and how to use them in taxonomic work. A polychotomous key with SEM photographs and illustrations is provided. In the third part, full descriptions of all species are presented with latest information about each species. In the fourth part, molecular and phylogenetic methods for working with EPN are presented, including the latest information and instructions on how to use molecular data in taxonomic work. In the last part, bacteria associated with this group of nematodes are discussed in the context of the latest information about methodology, biology and taxon.
This book analyzes the role of institutions in conditioning entrepreneurship and innovation to achieve economic development. Set against the backdrop of populism, this book is based on the premise that formal and informal institutional factors and entrepreneurship are closely linked and that studying the economic development of both developed and emerging economies can help us disentangle the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in developing countries. Using institutional economics as a main theoretical framework and the sociotechnical subsystems as a complementary approach, the authors present a detailed literature review to demonstrate that it is possible to identify the true role of entrepreneurship and innovation in the economic development process. The book embraces complexity to better measure and comprehend economic development, bringing a more compelling perspective on the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation for different dimensions of development. A valuable resource for students, scholars, and policymakers, the authors offer clear recommendations for developing countries.
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