Minister of the Word, shepherd and teacher the titles of Dutch pastors exude authority and prestige. In the course of the nineteenth century, however, their social position was slowly undermined by the separation of church and state, the emancipation of Catholics and dissenters, and the rise of all sorts of secular shepherds and teachers. This work of historical sociology analyzes the development of the profession of pastor in the Netherlands Reformed Church, focusing on pastors changing relationships with the state, the universities, other professions, and their own congregants. It paints a surprising, lively, and often humorous picture of nineteenth-century ecclesiastical and religious life, and of the many areas of Dutch society and culture where pastors made their mark in particular, the literary world.
European sculptors of the Neoclassical period often modelled their works in clay before producing finished pieces in marble. This book offers a comprehensive overview of Neoclassical terracotta models by European artists, featuring the works of0. Pajou, Houdon, and Canova, among many others.
An American Biblical Orientalism: The Construction of Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Nineteenth-Century American Evangelical Piety examines the life and work of Eli Smith, William McClure Thomson, and Edward Robinson and their descriptions of the “Bible Lands.” While there has been a great deal written about American travelogues to the Holy Lands, this book focuses on how these three prominent American Protestants described the indigenous peoples, and how those images were consumed by American Christians who had little direct experience with the “Bible Lands.” David D. Grafton argues that their publications (Biblical Researches, Later Biblical Researches, and The Land and the Book) profoundly impacted the way that American Protestants read and interpreted the Bible in the late-nineteenth century. The descriptions and images of the people found their way into American Bible dictionaries, theological dictionaries, and academic and religious circles of a growing bible readership in North America. Ultimately, the people of late Ottoman society (e.g. Jews, Christians and Muslims) were essentialized as the living characters of the Bible. These peoples were fitted into categories as heroes or villains from biblical stories, and rarely seen as modern people in their own right. Thus, in the words of Edward Said, they were “orientalized.
This book is a concise introduction, drawing on the latest research, to the life and work of the most celebrated English poet of the late seventeenth century. It is unusual in stressing not only the poet's responses to the events, personalities, and ideas of his own day, but also the way in which his work engages (in a far more speculative and pluralistic way than is often supposed) with human issues and dilemmas of permanent concern: the relation of human to animal and inanimate nature; the forces, internal and external which serve to ennoble, enrich and confound human endeavour; the capacities and limits of human reason; the relations between the sexes. Dryden emerges from this study as, simultaneously, a 'man of his times' and a writer with important things to say to us all.
George Farquhar (1677–1707) is one of the most successful and enduringly popular Restoration playwrights. His two masterpieces, The Recruiting Officer and The Beaux' Stratagem, are still regularly performed today. Yet aspects of Farquhar's biography, and in particular his Irish roots and family life, have remained obscure. This is the first study to treat Farquhar's works as documents of migration and the fragmented identity that resulted. Told in reverse chronological order, beginning with Farquhar's last and best-known works, it reveals previously undiscovered material about his life and connections. Born in Londonderry, Farquhar arrived in London at the end of the 1690s but struggled throughout his life to find acceptance in the English literary culture. David Roberts explores how Farquhar used comedy to negotiate his Anglo-Irish Protestant identity while perpetually being treated as an outsider. George Farquhar: A Migrant Life Reversed challenges traditional critical thinking on historiographic approaches to scholarly biography and offers a complex but highly readable account of the interpenetrating pasts, presents and futures of the migrant writer.
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