This exciting SpringerBrief presents evidence for new ideas that will challenge several theories of how cancer biology is understood. Cancer biology has undergone several intellectual revolutions in the past 50 years. A mutation-centric view of cancer has given way to the tumor microenvironment view. Reductionistic studies of one gene at a time have given way to systems biology approaches that analyze the whole genome (omics) at the same time. However, this text combines the complex levels studying cancer at the molecular biology level, endocrinology level, and transcriptomics level. What researchers are now realizing is that there is a need to combine omics with physiology concepts in order to better understand cancer and this book will give insight to the merging of these two fields in order to define how cancer is studied in the future.
A Probabilistic Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti Evidence is aBayesian analysis of the trial and post-trial evidence in the Saccoand Vanzetti case, based on subjectively determined probabilitiesand assumed relationships among evidential events. It applies theideas of charting evidence and probabilistic assessment to thiscase, which is perhaps the ranking cause celebre in all of Americanlegal history. Modern computation methods applied to inferencenetworks are used to show how the inferential force of evidence ina complicated case can be graded. The authors employ probabilisticassessment to obtain opinions about how influential each group ofevidential items is in reaching a conclusion about the defendants'innocence or guilt. A Probabilistic Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti Evidence holdsparticular interest for statisticians and probabilists in academiaand legal consulting, as well as for the legal community,historians, and behavioral scientists. It combines structural andprobabilistic ideas in the analysis of masses of evidence fromevery recognized logical species of evidence. Twenty-eight chartsshow the chains of reasoning in defense of the relevance ofevidentiary matters and a listing of trial witnesses who providedthe evidence. References include nearly 300 items drawn from thefields of probability theory, history, law, artificialintelligence, psychology, literature, and other areas.
International Law: Text, Cases and Materials provides not only an essential introduction to the core concepts and foundational principles of international law, but also a detailed overview of each established area in which international law operates. Featuring cases, materials, and illustrative figures throughout to enhance the level of context and detail provided, the book covers everything a student of international law requires. Topics include the law of treaties, international organisations, the international protection of human rights, responsibility in international law, jurisdiction, diplomatic and consular law, territory in international law, the law of the sea, international air and space law, international economic law, international environmental law, and international humanitarian law. This comprehensive textbook will be essential reading not only for any course on international law, but also as a starting point for those wishing to grasp the context of a particular area of international law before exploring further.
Bundled with the eBook, which will be updated regularly as new information about each virus is available, this text serves as the authoritative, up-to-date reference book for virologists, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, and physicians, as well as medical students pursuing a career in infectious diseases.
A fresh look at the world's water crises, and the existing and emerging solutions that can be used to solve them It is not your imagination: water crises are more frequent. Our twentieth-century systems for providing the water that grows food, sustains cities, and supports healthy ecosystems are failing to meet the demands of growing population and the challenges brought on by climate change. But the grim news reports--of empty reservoirs, withering crops, failing ecosystems--need not be cause for despair, argues award-winning author David Sedlak. Communities on the front lines of previous water crises have pioneered approaches that are ready to be applied elsewhere. Some have resolved shortages by enhancing water-use efficiency, and others have used moments of crisis to resolve historic disagreements over water rights. Still others have employed treatment technologies that unlock vast quantities of untapped water resources. Sedlak identifies the challenges that society faces, including ineffective policies and outdated infrastructure, and the myriad of tools at our disposal--from emerging technologies in desalination to innovations for recycling wastewater and capturing more of the water that falls on fields and cities. He offers an informed and hopeful approach for rethinking our assumptions about the way that water is managed. With this knowledge we can create a future with clean, abundant, and affordable water for all.
Heat Pipes, Sixth Edition, takes a highly practical approach to the design and selection of heat pipes, making it an essential guide for practicing engineers and an ideal text for postgraduate students.This new edition has been revised to include new information on the underlying theory of heat pipes and heat transfer, and features fully updated applications, new data sections, and updated chapters on design and electronics cooling. The book is a useful reference for those with experience and an accessible introduction for those approaching the topic for the first time. Contains all information required to design and manufacture a heat pipe Suitable for use as a professional reference and graduate text Revised with greater coverage of key electronic cooling applications
Discusses the basic physical principles underlying thescience and technology of nanophotonics, its materials andstructures This volume presents nanophotonic structures and Materials.Nanophotonics is photonic science and technology that utilizeslight/matter interactions on the nanoscale where researchers arediscovering new phenomena and developing techniques that go wellbeyond what is possible with conventional photonics andelectronics.The topics discussed in this volume are: CavityPhotonics; Cold Atoms and Bose-Einstein Condensates; Displays;E-paper; Graphene; Integrated Photonics; Liquid Crystals;Metamaterials; Micro-and Nanostructure Fabrication; Nanomaterials;Nanotubes; Plasmonics; Quantum Dots; Spintronics; Thin FilmOptics Comprehensive and accessible coverage of the whole of modernphotonics Emphasizes processes and applications that specifically exploitphoton attributes of light Deals with the rapidly advancing area of modern optics Chapters are written by top scientists in their field Written for the graduate level student in physical sciences;Industrial and academic researchers in photonics, graduate studentsin the area; College lecturers, educators, policymakers,consultants, Scientific and technical libraries, governmentlaboratories, NIH.
Emergency management university programs have experienced dramatic and exponential growth over the last twelve years. This new, fully updated edition introduces majors and minors to the field and provides content accessible to those students taking introductory emergency management courses. The book’s strength is in looking at the regional, state, and local level response, as well as some of the often misunderstood or overlooked social aspects of disasters. Real-world cases are described throughout including considerations of international emergency management and disasters.
Thoroughly updated to reflect the latest research, discoveries, and practices in this fast-changing field, Principles and Practice of Lymphedema Surgery, 2nd Edition, provides thorough, step-by-step guidance to incorporate or expand the treatment of lymphedema in your practice. Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field of lymphedema and microsurgery, this highly visual reference helps deepen your understanding of each procedure and how to perform them. From preoperative assessment to postoperative care, you’ll find authoritative instruction that equips you to implement the most innovative and latest surgical and nonsurgical approaches and achieve optimal outcomes for your patients. Provides an outstanding visual introduction to lymphedema and microsurgery techniques for treatment, as well as newer surgeries and more information on all available treatment options. Offers a step-by-step approach to each procedure, complete with tips and tricks of the trade from leading experts in plastic surgery and lymphedema microsurgery. Features eight all-new chapters covering primary lymphedema treatment, diagnostic tools of lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green lymphography, and immediate lymphatic reconstruction. Includes procedural videos of leading international experts performing advanced techniques such as end-end lymphovenous bypass, end-side lymphovenous bypass, submental vascularized lymph node flap, supraclavicular vascularized lymph node flap, and lymphatic vessel mapping with ICG. Enables quick navigation and comprehension with an intuitive, highly templated format and abundant photographs, illustrations, tables, diagrams, and case studies throughout.
A definitive resource, the Introduction to Emergency Management and Disaster Science presents the essentials to better understand and manage disasters. The third edition of this popular text has been revised and updated to provide a substantively enriched and evidence-based guide for students and emerging professionals. The new emphasis on disaster science places it at the forefront of a rapidly evolving field. This third edition offers important updates, including: Newly commissioned insights from former students and professional colleagues involved with emergency management practice and disaster science; international policies, programs, and practices; and socially vulnerable populations. Significantly enriched content and coverage of new disasters and recent research, particularly the worldwide implications of climate change and pandemics. Pedagogical features like chapter objectives, key terms and definitions, discussion points and resources. The only textbook authored by three winners of the Blanchard Award for excellence in emergency management instruction. The Introduction to Emergency Management and Disaster Science is a must-have textbook for graduate and undergraduate students and is also an excellent source of information for researchers and professionals.
This paper describes a new, comprehensive database of tax policy measures in 23 advanced and emerging market economies over the last four decades. We extract this information from more than 900 OECD Economic Surveys and 37,000 tax-related news from the International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation using text-mining techniques. The innovation of this dataset lies in its granularity: changes in the rates and bases of personal and corporate income taxes, value added and sale taxes, social security contributions, excise, and property taxes are systematically documented. In addition, the database provides information on the announcement and implementation dates, whether the measures represent major changes, are part of a broader tax package, and phased in over several years. The paper also presents a range of stylized facts suggesting that information from this database is useful to deepen the analysis of tax policy changes for research and policy purposes.
The saguaro, with its great size and characteristic shape—its arms stretching heavenward, its silhouette often resembling a human—has become the emblem of the Sonoran Desert of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. The largest and tallest cactus in the United States, it is both familiar and an object of fascination and curiosity. This book offers a complete natural history of this enduring and iconic desert plant. Gathering everything from the saguaro’s role in Sonoran Desert ecology to its adaptations to the desert climate and its sacred place in Indigenous culture, this book shares precolonial through current scientific findings. The saguaro is charismatic and readily accessible but also decidedly different from other desert flora. The essays in this book bear witness to our ongoing fascination with the great cactus and the plant’s unusual characteristics, covering the saguaro’s: history of discovery, place in the cactus family, ecology, anatomy and physiology, genetics, and ethnobotany. The Saguaro Cactus offers testimony to the cactus’s prominence as a symbol, the perceptions it inspires, its role in human society, and its importance in desert ecology.
Written by experts in the field, the Tarascon Gastroenterology Pocketbook is a convenient reference guide that provides a comprehensive review of major gastroenterology topics along with a succinct presentation of pathophysiology and diagnostic and management strategies in gastroenterology. Topics include: -Evaluation and characterization of acute abdominal pain -Chronic inflammatory diseases including ulcerative colitis, Chron's disease, and primary biliary cirrhosis -Diagnosis and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) -Ordering radiologic studies for GI conditions The Tarascon Gastroenterology Pocketbook is a comprehensive, evidenced-based resource, and is a must-have tool for gastroenterologists, primary care physicians, nurses, fellows, and other health care providers in the field of gastroenterology.
Using institutional economics as a theoretical framework, this book analyzes institutional environment conducive to entrepreneurial activity in order to enhance economic performance across countries. In particular, the main contributions of this book to the entrepreneurship literature are the following: • Identify past and current research about the institutional context shaping entrepreneurial activity and its effect on economic growth • Examine social progress orientation as those institutional factors that are shaping innovative entrepreneurial activity • Explore the effect of different types of entrepreneurial activities on economic growth • Examine how social progress orientation through opportunity-driven entrepreneurship affects economic development • Analyze the interrelationships between institutions, entrepreneurial activity and economic development across countries • Study how the country's institutional context influences the way in which entrepreneurial activity affects social progress Two sides of the same coin might be observed when analyzing policy aspects of those institutions affecting entrepreneurial activity. On the one hand, effective public policy to promote entrepreneurship is predicated on understanding the underlying forces as well as the consequences and impacts of entrepreneurship. On the other hand, different endeavors to promote entrepreneurial activity might have deleterious economic effects since they could actually reduce employment in the long-term. Thus, it is crucial to understand the institutional environment in which entrepreneurs are interacting and making decisions. The comprehension of these phenomena serves to move forward the theoretical, practical and policy debate on entrepreneurship as a mechanism to achieve higher economic performance.
A startling history of modern Afghanistan: the story of a country caught in a vortex of terror. Veteran defense analyst and Afghanistan expert David Isby provides an insightful and meticulously researched look at the current situation in Afghanistan, her history, and what he believes must be done so that the US and NATO coalition can succeed in what has historically been known as “the graveyard of empires.” Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world with one of the lowest literacy rates. It is rife with divisions between ethnic groups that dwarf current schisms in Iraq, and all the groups are lead by warlords who fight over control of the drug trade as much as they do over religion. The region is still racked with these confrontations along with conflicts between rouge factions from Pakistan, with whom relations are increasingly strained. After seven years and billions of dollars in aid, efforts at nation-building in Afghanistan has produced only a puppet regime that is dependent on foreign aid for survival and has no control over a corrupt police force nor the increasingly militant criminal organizations and the deepening social and economic crisis. The task of implementing an effective US policy and cementing Afghani rule is hampered by what Isby sees as separate but overlapping conflicts between terrorism, narcotics, and regional rivalries, each requiring different strategies to resolve. Pulling these various threads together will be the challenge for the Obama administration, yet it is a challenge that can be met by continuing to foster local involvement and Afghani investment in the region. This paperback edition includes a new 2011 afterword by the author.
This paper examines the role of tax policy reforms in enhancing fiscal shock smoothing in a panel of 13 OECD economies during the period 1980-2017. The results suggest that tax reforms, in particular those that broaden the tax base, significantly enhance the ability of fiscal policy to mitigate the impact of growth shocks on disposable income. We find that the magnitude of shock smoothing increases from an average of 2 percent to 3-31⁄2 percent following the reform. The effects are considerably higher for tax base than tax rate changes, and also higher for indirect tax than direct tax changes. The effects are symmetric—that is, the increase in shock smoothing following a reform expanding the tax base (rate) is similar to the decline in shock smoothing after a reform narrowing the tax base (rate). Tax elasticity, collection efficiency, and the progressivity of the tax system are important channels through which tax reforms affect fiscal stabilization.
The world is on the verge of fully ushering in the fourth industrial revolution, of which artificial intelligence (AI) is the most important new general-purpose technology. Like the steam engine that led to the widespread commercial use of driving machineries in the industries during the first industrial revolution; the internal combustion engine that gave rise to cars, trucks, and airplanes; electricity that caused the second industrial revolution through the discovery of direct and alternating current; and the Internet, which led to the emergence of the information age, AI is a transformational technology. It will cause a paradigm shift in the way’s problems are solved in every aspect of our lives, and, from it, innovative technologies will emerge. AI is the theory and development of machines that can imitate human intelligence in tasks such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and human language translation. This book provides a complete overview on the deep learning applications and deep neural network architectures. It also gives an overview on most advanced future-looking fundamental research in deep learning application in artificial intelligence. Research overview includes reasoning approaches, problem solving, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, motion and manipulation, social intelligence and creativity. It will allow the reader to gain a deep and broad knowledge of the latest engineering technologies of AI and Deep Learning and is an excellent resource for academic research and industry applications.
Drought, arguably the greatest threat to food production worldwide, was the focal point of a high-level, weeklong workshop supported by The Rockefeller Foundation and CIMMYT, held in May 2004 in Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Boron Arsenide offers very interesting electronic properties, as well as a high thermal conductivity; nearly 10 times higher than that of silicon. It has been hailed as ‘the best semiconductor material ever found’. The present book presents a detailed review of this material and its potential applications. The materials covered include Icosahedral Boron Arsenide, Hexagonal Boron Arsenide, Amorphous Boron Arsenide and Cubic Boron Arsenide. The book references 166 original resources with their direct web links for in-depth reading. Keywords: Boron Arsenides, Electron Mobility, Hole Mobility, Band-gap, Monolayers, Defects, Mechanical Properties, Photo-electrodes, Thermal Conductivity, Heat-spreading.
Heat Pipes: Theory, Design and Applications, Seventh Edition, takes a highly practical approach to the design and selection of heat pipes, making it an essential guide for practicing engineers and an ideal text for postgraduate students. The expanded author team consolidate and update the theoretical background included in previous editions, and include new sections on recent developments in manufacturing methods, wick design and additional applications. The book serves as an introduction to the theory, design and application of the range of passive, two-phase, heat-transfer devices known as heat pipes, serving as an essential reference for those seeking a sound understanding of the principles of heat pipe technology. It provides an introduction to the basic principles of operation and design data which would permit the reader to design and fabricate a basic heat pipe. It also provides details of the various more complex configurations and designs currently available to assist in selecting such devices.This new edition has been fully updated to reflect the latest research and technologies and includes four brand new chapters on various types of heat pipe, theoretical principles of heat transfer and fluid mechanics, additive manufacturing and heat pipe heat exchangers. Fully revised with brand new chapters on Additive Manufacturing and Heat Exchangers Guides the reader through the design and fabrication of a heat pipe Includes detail on more complex configurations and designs available to assist in the election of devices
Vertebrate Endocrinology, Sixth Edition, provides a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the endocrine system for college and university students as well as researchers. This book is logically arranged, easily comprehended, and well-illustrated. It covers traditional hormone-based systems and introduces all forms of chemical communication, their implications for the health of humans, domesticated, and wild vertebrates. Written by two experts who have completed extensive research in comparative vertebrate endocrinology with an emphasis on natural and anthropogenic environmental factors influencing endocrine systems. Collectively, the authors have taught courses in endocrinology at the undergraduate and graduate level for more than 60 years. After first publishing in 1985, Vertebrate Endocrinology, Sixth Edition, continues to serve as an important resource for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in the biological sciences, animal sciences, and veterinary sciences. Endocrine researchers will also benefit from the book’s relevance in the areas of comparative, veterinary, and mammalian endocrinology. Addresses the endocrinology of all vertebrate and non-vertebrate chordates The only endocrinology textbook that deals with evolutionary aspects of endocrine systems Includes biochemical, cellular, tissue, organismic, behavioral, and environmental aspects of chemical communication
Advances in cell, developmental and molecular biology, and the discovery of regeneration-competent cells in many non-regenerating mammalian tissues, have given impetus to systematic investigations that will enable us to regenerate these tissues by cell transplantation or the pharmaceutical induction of regeneration from the body’s own tissues. A significant avenue of research is the identification of the soluble and insoluble signals and their transduction pathways that govern the proliferation and differentiation of regeneration-competent cells, and the signals that inhibit their activity after injury. How far can we go in our quest for regeneration? We will probably be able to induce the regeneration of some tissues, such as skin or even spinal cord, within a few years. The regeneration of others, such as heart, lung, kidney or appendages, may be more complex and difficult, but we should not view them as impossible. They will just take a little longer.
2009 Outstanding Academic Title, Choice This acclaimed textbook is the most comprehensive available in the field of forest ecology. Designed for advanced students of forest science, ecology, and environmental studies, it is also an essential reference for forest ecologists, foresters, and land managers. The authors provide an inclusive survey of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests with an emphasis on ecological concepts across scales that range from global to landscape to microscopic. Situating forests in the context of larger landscapes, they reveal the complex patterns and processes observed in tree-dominated habitats. The updated and expanded second edition covers • Conservation • Ecosystem services • Climate change • Vegetation classification • Disturbance • Species interactions • Self-thinning • Genetics • Soil influences • Productivity • Biogeochemical cycling • Mineralization • Effects of herbivory • Ecosystem stability
The purpose of the book is to bring together in one place the different facets of regenerative biology and medicine while providing the reader with an overview of the basic and clinically-oriented research that is being done. Not only does the content cover a plethora tissues and systems, it also includes information about the developmental plasticity of adult stem cells and the regeneration of appendages.As part of its balanced presentation, Regenerative Biology and Medicine does address the biological/bioethical issues and challanges involved in the new and exciting field of regenerative biology and medicine. *Tissues covered include skin, hair, teeth, cornea, and central neural types*Systems presented are digestive, respiratory, urogenital, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular*Includes amphibians as powerful research models*Discusses appendage regeneration in amphibians and mammals
Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach, Second Edition, teaches students how to program massively parallel processors. It offers a detailed discussion of various techniques for constructing parallel programs. Case studies are used to demonstrate the development process, which begins with computational thinking and ends with effective and efficient parallel programs. This guide shows both student and professional alike the basic concepts of parallel programming and GPU architecture. Topics of performance, floating-point format, parallel patterns, and dynamic parallelism are covered in depth. This revised edition contains more parallel programming examples, commonly-used libraries such as Thrust, and explanations of the latest tools. It also provides new coverage of CUDA 5.0, improved performance, enhanced development tools, increased hardware support, and more; increased coverage of related technology, OpenCL and new material on algorithm patterns, GPU clusters, host programming, and data parallelism; and two new case studies (on MRI reconstruction and molecular visualization) that explore the latest applications of CUDA and GPUs for scientific research and high-performance computing. This book should be a valuable resource for advanced students, software engineers, programmers, and hardware engineers. New coverage of CUDA 5.0, improved performance, enhanced development tools, increased hardware support, and more Increased coverage of related technology, OpenCL and new material on algorithm patterns, GPU clusters, host programming, and data parallelism Two new case studies (on MRI reconstruction and molecular visualization) explore the latest applications of CUDA and GPUs for scientific research and high-performance computing
From the author of NootropicsExpert.com and his YouTube channel, David Tomen offers a revolutionary reference and repair manual for your brain. Through studying the clinical research and experimenting with dozens of natural nootropic supplements, the author has successfully restored his own health. And now shares with you an all-natural method to take control of your own cognitive health. In Head First, 2nd Edition you’ll get: • Detailed reviews of 102 of the most popular natural nootropic supplements used today; supported by hundreds and hundreds of peer-reviewed clinical studies from leading research institutions and universities from around the world • Learn which supplements to buy and which to avoid • Get clear and easy to understand instructions on how to use each supplement including dosage recommendations (often different than what’s on the bottle) • Stay safe from possible side effects; avoid drug interactions • Know how each supplement works in your brain and why; neuroscience that anyone can understand and apply • A chapter on how your brain works and why these natural supplements work • 2 chapters on recommended nootropic stacks (supplement combinations) for treating; anxiety, ADHD, depression, anxiety, learning & memory, mental fatigue, OCD, PTSD, and more • Discover what functional and mainstream medicine has missed if you are dealing with memory problems, impaired thinking, mental fatigue, anxiety, or depression and how to deal with your issues naturally! Fans of David’s work and contribution to the neurohacking community are also encouraging their doctors and psychiatrists to make Head First, 2nd Editon part of their reference library. When you take care of your “Head First”, everything else naturally falls into place. You’re full potential is within reach at last. Today is the day to go “Head First”! And get your happy back. For the last decade, author and world-traveler David Tomen has worked to deal with Adult ADD. And the brain fog, mental fatigue and memory loss that comes with hypothyroidism. Through studying the clinical data and experimenting with dozens of natural nootropic supplements, the author has successfully restored his own health. With cognition, memory and mood better than before. Through his writing and videos, the author is now empowering people around the world to take control of their own cognitive health. Fans of David’s work and contribution to the neurohacking community are also encouraging their doctors and psychiatrists to make Head First part of their library. When you take care of your Head First, everything else falls into place. You’re full potential is within reach at last. Today is the day to go Head First!
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