Risks are increasingly regulated by international standards, and scientists play a key role in standardisation. This fascinating book exposes the action of 'invisible colleges' of scientists - loose groups of prominent scientific experts who combine practical experience of risk and control with advisory responsibility - in the formulation of international standards. Drawing upon the domains of medicines, 'novel foods' and food hygiene, David Demortain investigates new regulatory concepts emerging from invisible colleges, highlighting how they shape consensus and pave the way for international.
How the US Environmental Protection Agency designed the governance of risk and forged its legitimacy over the course of four decades. The US Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to protect the public health and environment, administering and enforcing a range of statutes and programs. Over four decades, the EPA has been a risk bureaucracy, formalizing many of the methods of the scientific governance of risk, from quantitative risk assessment to risk ranking. Demortain traces the creation of these methods for the governance of risk, the controversies to which they responded, and the controversies that they aroused in turn. He discusses the professional networks in which they were conceived; how they were used; and how they served to legitimize the EPA. Demortain argues that the EPA is structurally embedded in controversy, resulting in constant reevaluation of its credibility and fueling the evolution of the knowledge and technologies it uses to produce decisions and to create a legitimate image of how and why it acts on the environment. He describes the emergence and institutionalization of the risk assessment–risk management framework codified in the National Research Council's Red Book, and its subsequent unraveling as the agency's mission evolved toward environmental justice, ecological restoration, and sustainability, and as controversies over determining risk gained vigor in the 1990s. Through its rise and fall at the EPA, risk decision-making enshrines the science of a bureaucracy that learns how to make credible decisions and to reform itself, amid constant conflicts about the environment, risk, and its own legitimacy.
How the US Environmental Protection Agency designed the governance of risk and forged its legitimacy over the course of four decades. The US Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 to protect the public health and environment, administering and enforcing a range of statutes and programs. Over four decades, the EPA has been a risk bureaucracy, formalizing many of the methods of the scientific governance of risk, from quantitative risk assessment to risk ranking. Demortain traces the creation of these methods for the governance of risk, the controversies to which they responded, and the controversies that they aroused in turn. He discusses the professional networks in which they were conceived; how they were used; and how they served to legitimize the EPA. Demortain argues that the EPA is structurally embedded in controversy, resulting in constant reevaluation of its credibility and fueling the evolution of the knowledge and technologies it uses to produce decisions and to create a legitimate image of how and why it acts on the environment. He describes the emergence and institutionalization of the risk assessment–risk management framework codified in the National Research Council's Red Book, and its subsequent unraveling as the agency's mission evolved toward environmental justice, ecological restoration, and sustainability, and as controversies over determining risk gained vigor in the 1990s. Through its rise and fall at the EPA, risk decision-making enshrines the science of a bureaucracy that learns how to make credible decisions and to reform itself, amid constant conflicts about the environment, risk, and its own legitimacy.
Risks are increasingly regulated by international standards, and scientists play a key role in standardisation. This fascinating book exposes the action of 'invisible colleges' of scientists - loose groups of prominent scientific experts who combine practical experience of risk and control with advisory responsibility - in the formulation of international standards. Drawing upon the domains of medicines, 'novel foods' and food hygiene, David Demortain investigates new regulatory concepts emerging from invisible colleges, highlighting how they shape consensus and pave the way for international.
Throughout recorded history Yorkshire has been a setting for warfare of all kinds - marches, skirmishes and raids, pitched battles and sieges. And it is the sieges of the Civil War period - which often receive less attention than other forms of combat - that are the focus of David Cooke's new history. Hull, York, Pontefract, Knaresborough, Sandal, Scarborough, Helmsley, Bolton, Skipton - all witnessed notable sieges during the bloody uncertain years of the Civil Wars. His vivid reconstructions allow the reader to visit the castles and towns where sieges took place and stand on the ground where blood was spilt for the cause for king or Parliament. Using contemporary accounts and a wealth of maps and illustrations, his book allows the reader to follow the course of each siege and sets each operation in the context of the Civil Wars in the North.
The Battle of Hastings, fought in A.D. 1066, was, without question, the most important event in British history. The conquering of England by William, Duke of Normandy, changed the way the inhabitants of the Isle of Mist had lived since the Roman Armies left their shores 650 years previously in A.D. 410. Seeking the throne of England, which he believed was rightfully his, William stormed the south coast of England with an army consisting of Norman, French and Belgian forces. Following his victory over King Harold William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day, 1066. He appointed Odo, his half-brother, as his Bishop, not because he felt the need of religion or Gods help, but because he felt those who served him would be more faithful to his cause if God was on their side. The fictional side of this story revolves around a Saxon family who operated a sheep ranch in Senlac, a small yet important village about seven miles from Hastings. Bruce, a widower, raised a daughter and three sons, each one involved in the operation of the ranch. This close knit family is shattered when the invading Normans ravish their farm looking for food to feed their 10,000 man army.
The first full-length biography of the actor known for his roles in The Invisible Man, Casablanca, and other classics, based on newly released interviews. Given his childhood speech impediments and his origins in a destitute London neighborhood, the ascent of Claude Rains to the stage and screen was remarkable. Rains’s difficulties in his formative years provided reserves of gravitas and sensitivity, from which he drew inspiration for acclaimed performances in The Invisible Man, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Casablanca, Notorious, Lawrence of Arabia, and other classic films. In this book, noted Hollywood historian David J. Skal draws on more than thirty hours of newly released Rains interviews to create the first full-length biography of the man nominated multiple times for an Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Skal’s portrait also benefits from the insights of Jessica Rains, who provides firsthand accounts of the enigmatic man behind her father’s refined screen presence and genteel public persona. As Skal shows, numerous contradictions informed the life and career of Claude Rains. He possessed an air of nobility and became an emblem of sophistication, but he never shed the insecurities that traced back to his upbringing in an abusive and poverty-stricken family. Though deeply self-conscious about his short stature, Rains drew notorious ardor from female fans and was married six times. His public displays of dry wit and good humor masked inner demons that drove Rains to alcoholism and its devastating consequences. Skal’s layered depiction of Claude Rains reveals a complex, almost inscrutable man whose nuanced characterizations were, in no small way, based on the more shadowy parts of his psyche. With unprecedented access to episodes from Rains’s private life, Skal tells the full story of the consummate character actor of his generation. “This highly readable biography, written with the help of his daughter, Jessica Rains, reveals the witty, talented man behind this universally respected Hollywood legend.” —Tucson Citizen
This fascinating book investigates the strategic importance of the production and dissemination of expertise in the activities of the international organizations (IOs) that have come to symbolize the dominance of the Western political and economic order.
A detailed study covering golfing art and memorabilia, patents, designs, the origins of the game, and related sports. Many books have been written on the various aspects of golf, but this is the first that attributes the game's popularity to the introduction of the solid gutta-percha golf ball in 1848 and the American rubber-cored ball in 1900. The book describes, in the light of these dramatic golf ball changes, how the ball and club have evolved, the types of material used, the people who made the clubs and balls, those who have excelled at the game, and the effects the implements had on the development of the swing and on golf-course design. There are well-illustrated chapters on golfing art and golfing memorabilia, as well as shorter chapters on patents, designs and the origins of the game and related games. Included is a directory of golf-club- and ball-makers and golf artists.
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