A trenchant defense of hierarchy in different spheres of our lives, from the personal to the political All complex and large-scale societies are organized along certain hierarchies, but the concept of hierarchy has become almost taboo in the modern world. Just Hierarchy contends that this stigma is a mistake. In fact, as Daniel Bell and Wang Pei show, it is neither possible nor advisable to do away with social hierarchies. Drawing their arguments from Chinese thought and culture as well as other philosophies and traditions, Bell and Wang ask which forms of hierarchy are justified and how these can serve morally desirable goals. They look at ways of promoting just forms of hierarchy while minimizing the influence of unjust ones, such as those based on race, sex, or caste. Which hierarchical relations are morally justified and why? Bell and Wang argue that it depends on the nature of the social relation and context. Different hierarchical principles ought to govern different kinds of social relations: what justifies hierarchy among intimates is different from what justifies hierarchy among citizens, countries, humans and animals, and humans and intelligent machines. Morally justified hierarchies can and should govern different spheres of our social lives, though these will be very different from the unjust hierarchies that have governed us in the past. A vigorous, systematic defense of hierarchy in the modern world, Just Hierarchy examines how hierarchical social relations can have a useful purpose, not only in personal domains but also in larger political realms.
Both developing and developed countries face an increasing mismatch between what patients expect to receive from healthcare and what the public healthcare systems can afford to provide. Where there has been a growing recognition of the entitlement to receive healthcare, the frustrated expectations with regards to the level of provision has led to lawsuits challenging the denial of funding for health treatments by public health systems. This book analyses the impact of courts and litigation on the way health systems set priorities and make rationing decisions. In particular, it focuses on how the judicial protection of the right to healthcare can impact the institutionalization, functioning and centrality of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) for decisions about the funding of treatment. Based on the case study of three jurisdictions – Brazil, Colombia, and England – it shows that courts can be a key driver for the institutionalization of HTA. These case studies show the paradoxes of judicial control, which can promote accountability and impair it, demand administrative competence and undermine bureaucratic capacities. The case studies offer a nuanced and evidence-informed understanding of these paradoxes in the context of health care by showing how the judicial control of priority-setting decisions in health care can be used to require and control an explicit scheme for health technology assessment, but can also limit and circumvent it. It will be essential for those researching Medical Law and Healthcare Policy, Human Rights Law, and Social Rights.
Do US Circuit Courts' decisions on criminal appeals influence sentence lengths imposed by US District Courts? This Element explores the use of high-dimensional instrumental variables to estimate this causal relationship. Using judge characteristics as instruments, this Element implements two-stage models on court sentencing data for the years 1991 through 2013. This Element finds that Democratic, Jewish judges tend to favor criminal defendants, while Catholic judges tend to rule against them. This Element also finds from experiments that prosecutors backlash to Circuit Court rulings while District Court judges comply. Methodologically, this Element demonstrates the applicability of deep instrumental variables to legal data.
Lucid Nightmares is a collection of short stories by award winning novelist Daniel Xiao Wang. Beware dark hallways, shadows, deserted convenience store, coffee shops... cats. Make sure the doors are locked, pull up a warm blanket, and prepare to see the world around you in a new, darker way.
China has an age-old zoomorphic tradition. The First Emperor was famously said to have had the heart of a tiger and a wolf. The names of foreign tribes were traditionally written with characters that included animal radicals. In modern times, the communist government frequently referred to Nationalists as “running dogs,” and President Xi Jinping, vowing to quell corruption at all levels, pledged to capture both “the tigers” and “the flies.” Splendidly illustrated with works ranging from Bronze Age vessels to twentieth-century conceptual pieces, this volume is a wide-ranging look at zoomorphic and anthropomorphic imagery in Chinese art. The contributors, leading scholars in Chinese art history and related fields, consider depictions of animals not as simple, one-for-one symbolic equivalents: they pursue in depth, in complexity, and in multiple dimensions the ways that Chinese have used animals from earliest times to the present day to represent and rhetorically stage complex ideas about the world around them, examining what this means about China, past and present. In each chapter, a specific example or theme based on real or mythic creatures is derived from religious, political, or other sources, providing the detailed and learned examination needed to understand the means by which such imagery was embedded in Chinese cultural life. Bronze Age taotie motifs, calendrical animals, zoomorphic modes in Tantric Buddhist art, Song dragons and their painters, animal rebuses, Heaven-sent auspicious horses and foreign-sent tribute giraffes, the fantastic specimens depicted in the Qing Manual of Sea Oddities, the weirdly indeterminate creatures found in the contemporary art of Huang Yong Ping—these and other notable examples reveal Chinese attitudes over time toward the animal realm, explore Chinese psychology and patterns of imagination, and explain some of the critical means and motives of Chinese visual culture. The Zoomorphic Imagination in Chinese Art and Culture will find a ready audience among East Asian art and visual culture specialists and those with an interest in literary or visual rhetoric. Contributors: Sarah Allan, Qianshen Bai, Susan Bush, Daniel Greenberg, Carmelita (Carma) Hinton, Judy Chungwa Ho, Kristina Kleutghen, Kathlyn Liscomb, Jennifer Purtle, Jerome Silbergeld, Henrik Sørensen, and Eugene Y. Wang.
Today, businesses have valuable operations data spread across multiple content management systems. To help discover, manage, and deliver this content, IBM® provides IBM Content Federation Services and IBM Content Integrator. This IBM Redbooks® publication introduces the concept of federated content management and describes the installation, configuration, and implementation of these product offerings. IBM Content Federation Services, available through IBM FileNet Content Manager, is a suite of three federated content management services based on the federation implementation strategy. We describe how to install and configure Content Federation Services for Image Services, Content Manager OnDemand, and IBM Content Integrator. Using an integration implementation strategy, IBM Content Integrator provides a repository neutral API that allows bidirectional, real-time access to a multitude of disparate content management system installations. We present connector configuration details to frequently encountered content management systems. We provide detailed instruction and sample implementations using the product's JavaTM and Web Services APIs to access content stored in repository systems. This book is intended for IT architects and specialists interested in understanding federated content management and is a hands-on technical guide for IT specialists to configure and implement federated content management solutions.
Against the dire consequences of China’s market development, a new intellectual force of the New Left has come on the scene since the mid 1990s. New Left intellectuals debate the issues of social justice, distributive equality, markets, state intervention, the socialist legacy, and sustainable development. Against the neoliberal trends of free markets, liberal democracy, and consumerism, New Left critics launched a critique in hopes of seeking an alternative to global capitalism. This volume takes a comprehensive look at China’s New Left in intellectual, cultural, and literary manifestations. The writers place the New Left within a global anti-hegemonic movement and the legacy of the Cold War. They discover grassroots literature that portrays the plight and resilience of the downtrodden and disadvantaged. With historical visions the writers also shed light on the present by drawing on the socialist past.
This book investigates in detail long-term health state estimation technology of energy storage systems, assessing its potential use to replace common filtering methods that constructs by equivalent circuit model with a data-driven method combined with electrochemical modeling, which can reflect the battery internal characteristics, the battery degradation modes, and the battery pack health state. Studies on long-term health state estimation have attracted engineers and scientists from various disciplines, such as electrical engineering, materials, automation, energy, and chemical engineering. Pursuing a holistic approach, the book establishes a fundamental framework for this topic, while emphasizing the importance of extraction for health indicators and the significant influence of electrochemical modeling and data-driven issues in the design and optimization of health state estimation in energy storage systems. The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in new energy measurement and control technology, researchers investigating energy storage systems, and structure/circuit design engineers working on energy storage cell and pack.
This book offers a glimpse into the future. The companies it describes are pioneers, the first-movers in market shifts that will eventually become mainstream. These "hybrid organizations" – or what others call "values-driven" or "mission-driven" organizations – operate in the blurry space between the for-profit and non-profit worlds. They are redefining their supply chains, their sources of capital, their very purpose for being; and in the process they are changing the market for others. Using a combination of high-level survey analysis and, more importantly, in-depth executive interviews, the book helps fill the present gap in literature on environmentally focused and financially driven for-profit businesses. Moreover, it highlights key trends and critical themes that enable this new wave of socially conscious and fiscally minded enterprises to be successful in meeting both sets of goals. The takeaway for readers of this book is not only an appreciation for common business practices that hybrid organizations adopt, but also an understanding of the complexity of the integration of such adoption that allows them to successfully achieve both mission- and market-driven goals. The book begins with key definitions to establish the scope of this new sector, including explicit definitions for hybrid organizations, environmental sustainability missions, as well as specific criteria to create useful boundaries for the field of hybrid organizations. Building on prior work conducted by researchers on corporate social responsibility, sustainable entrepreneurship, and social enterprise, the book catalogues the best practices within this growing sector, helping others to learn from both the successes and failures of those that are choosing this strategy. The core of the book is built on an analysis of survey data from 47 hybrid organizations, investigating their business models and strategies, finances, organizational structures, processes, metrics, and innovations. The organizations represent a cross-section of size, age, industry, and geography, although the sample set is biased towards young, small, U.S.-based hybrids. Based on analysis of the survey data, five best-in-class companies were selected for in-depth case studies in order to provide instructive lessons for hybrid practitioners and researchers alike. In short, this book presents research that shows hybrid organizations to be a practical and feasible organizational model for contributing solutions to global environmental issues. The lessons in this book will help other social entrepreneurs, business managers, non-profit leaders, or students interested in careers that fuse profitability and responsibility do it even better.
How the World Changed Social Media is the first book in Why We Post, a book series that investigates the findings of anthropologists who each spent 15 months living in communities across the world. This book offers a comparative analysis summarising the results of the research and explores the impact of social media on politics and gender, education and commerce. What is the result of the increased emphasis on visual communication? Are we becoming more individual or more social? Why is public social media so conservative? Why does equality online fail to shift inequality offline? How did memes become the moral police of the internet? Supported by an introduction to the project’s academic framework and theoretical terms that help to account for the findings, the book argues that the only way to appreciate and understand something as intimate and ubiquitous as social media is to be immersed in the lives of the people who post. Only then can we discover how people all around the world have already transformed social media in such unexpected ways and assess the consequences
The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) leads to the emergence of edge computing systems that push the training and deployment of AI models to the edge of networks for reduced bandwidth cost, improved responsiveness, and better privacy protection, allowing for the ubiquitous AI that can happen anywhere and anytime. Motivated by the above trend, this book introduces a new computing paradigm, the Social Edge Computing (SEC), that empowers human-centric edge intelligent applications by revolutionizing the computing, intelligence, and the training of the AI models at the edge. The SEC paradigm introduces a set of critical human-centric challenges such as the rational nature of edge device owners, pronounced heterogeneity of the edge devices, real-time AI at the edge, human and AI interaction, and the privacy of the edge users. The book addresses these challenges by presenting a series of principled models and systems that enable the confluence of the computing capabilities of devices and the domain knowledge of the people, while explicitly addressing the unique concerns and constraints from humans. Compared to existing books in the field of edge computing, the vision of this book is unique: we focus on the social edge computing (SEC), an emerging paradigm at the intersection of edge computing, AI, and social computing. This book discusses the unique vision, challenges and applications in SEC. To our knowledge, keeping humans in the loop of edge intelligence has not been systematically reviewed and studied in an existing book. The SEC vision generalizes the current machine-to-machine interactions in edge computing (e.g., mobile edge computing literature), and machine-to-AI interactions (e.g., edge intelligence literature) into a holistic human-machine-AI ecosystem.
Multidimensional Lithium-Ion Battery Status Monitoring focuses on equivalent circuit modeling, parameter identification, and state estimation in lithium-ion battery power applications. It explores the requirements of high-power lithium-ion batteries for new energy vehicles and systematically describes the key technologies in core state estimation based on battery equivalent modeling and parameter identification methods of lithium-ion batteries, providing a technical reference for the design and application of power lithium-ion battery management systems. Reviews Li-ion battery characteristics and applications. Covers battery equivalent modeling, including electrical circuit modeling and parameter identification theory Discusses battery state estimation methods, including state of charge estimation, state of energy prediction, state of power evaluation, state of health estimation, and cycle life estimation Introduces equivalent modeling and state estimation algorithms that can be applied to new energy measurement and control in large-scale energy storage Includes a large number of examples and case studies This book has been developed as a reference for researchers and advanced students in energy and electrical engineering.
China and Taiwan have built one of the most intertwined and important economic relationships in the world, and yet that relationship is not mutually open, compliant with World Trade Organization norms, or even fully institutionalized. What's more, despite massive trade and investment flows, the boundary between the two is a serious flashpoint for potential conflict. But leaders in Beijing and Taipei have committed to normalize and deepen their economic intercourse and open a new post-Cold War era in their relationship. While the political significance of this gambit has captured attention worldwide, the scope of opening intended and the bilateral, regional, and global effects likely to ensue are as yet poorly understood. This volume attempts to remedy that uncertainty with careful modeling combined with a qualitative assessment of the implications of the cross-strait economic opening now agreed in an Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA). The study explores the implications for Taiwan and China, for their neighbors, and for the United States if this undertaking is fully implemented by 2020.
State Estimation Strategies in Lithium-ion Battery Management Systems presents key technologies and methodologies in modeling and monitoring charge, energy, power and health of lithium-ion batteries. Sections introduce core state parameters of the lithium-ion battery, reviewing existing research and the significance of the prediction of core state parameters of the lithium-ion battery and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of prediction methods of core state parameters. Characteristic analysis and aging characteristics are then discussed. Subsequent chapters elaborate, in detail, on modeling and parameter identification methods and advanced estimation techniques in different application scenarios. Offering a systematic approach supported by examples, process diagrams, flowcharts, algorithms, and other visual elements, this book is of interest to researchers, advanced students and scientists in energy storage, control, automation, electrical engineering, power systems, materials science and chemical engineering, as well as to engineers, R&D professionals, and other industry personnel. Introduces lithium-ion batteries, characteristics and core state parameters Examines battery equivalent modeling and provides advanced methods for battery state estimation Analyzes current technology and future opportunities
Climate change is a key problem of the 21st century. China, as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, has committed to stabilize its current emissions and dramatically increase the share of electricity production from non-fossil fuels by 2030. However, this is only a first step: in the longer term, China needs to aggressively strive to reach a goal of zero-emissions. Through detailed discussions of electricity pricing, electric vehicle policies, nuclear energy policies, and renewable energy policies, this book reviews how near-term climate and energy policies can affect long-term decarbonization pathways beyond 2030, building the foundations for decarbonization in advance of its realization. Focusing primarily on the electricity sector in China - the main battleground for decarbonization over the next century – it provides a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers, as well as energy and climate experts.
Publication Date: July 2006 The Confucian civilization is thoroughly examined and explained in this volume, historically, philosophically and psychologically, by its two most prominant examples (Chinese and Japanese cultures), after a multi-year research effort, with ground breaking findings and analyses not available elsewhere. Historically Asian civilizations followed a dramatically different path than that of the West from the very beginning, adopting in ancient times a distinct social structure that has never appeared at any point in Western history. Asian values grown out of that social structure (subservience) diametrically contradict core Western values of freedom and justice, and Asian societies have their own distinct internal dynamic. This book attempts to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of East Asians through a detailed analysis of the nature, historical roots and evolution of their uncompromising doctrine (Confucianism), which still dominates East Asia including China today. The author takes a bold and honest approach, ignoring cultural taboos, to reveal the inner workings of the Asian mind. This is not a typical history book, though all major historical periods up until the present are analyzed and explained; nor is it a typical philosophy book, though all major schools of thought in this tradition are analyzed and explained; nor is it a typical psychology book, though the defining aspects of Asian psyche are analyzed and explained. It is an ambitious and unprecedented attempt to take stock of the entire civilization, its breadth, its scope, and its essence. It traverses the evolution of the Asian mind through the centuries, explains the how and why of Asian cultural and historical dynamic, and presents a clear trajectory of Asian history and future. (also available on amazon.com, barnsandnoble.com)
Battery System Modeling provides advances on the modeling of lithium-ion batteries. Offering step-by-step explanations, the book systematically guides the reader through the modeling of state of charge estimation, energy prediction, power evaluation, health estimation, and active control strategies. Using applications alongside practical case studies, each chapter shows the reader how to use the modeling tools provided. Moreover, the chemistry and characteristics are described in detail, with algorithms provided in every chapter. Providing a technical reference on the design and application of Li-ion battery management systems, this book is an ideal reference for researchers involved in batteries and energy storage. Moreover, the step-by-step guidance and comprehensive introduction to the topic makes it accessible to audiences of all levels, from experienced engineers to graduates. Explains how to model battery systems, including equivalent, electrical circuit and electrochemical nernst modeling Includes comprehensive coverage of battery state estimation methods, including state of charge estimation, energy prediction, power evaluation and health estimation Provides a dedicated chapter on active control strategies
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