Terpenoids include high value chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, chemical precursors and fine chemicals. Fruthermore, terpenoids are of interest as environmental-friendly replacement of fossil derivate chemicals. Here, the 2 C methyl D erythritol 4 phosphate (MEP) pathway was analyzed in Escherichia coli through metabolic control analysis for production of the model terpenoid isoprene. Several limiting steps were identified and their implication for an efficient pathway design is discussed.
Apart from an opening survey of modern study of ancient Jewish history, which emphasizes the foundational role of German-Jewish scholars, the studies united in this volume apply philological methods to the writings of four of them: Heinrich Graetz, Isaak Heinemann, Elias Bickerman(n), and Abraham Schalit. In each case, it is argued that some seemingly trivial anomaly or infelicity, in a publication about such ancient characters as Antiochus Epiphanes, Herod, and Josephus, points to the way in which the historian constructed, and revised, his understanding of the Jews' situation under Greeks or Romans in light of his perception of the Jews' situation under the Second or Third Reich. The collection also includes a study that focuses on a Jewish medievalist, Philipp Jaffé, and unravels the indirect but inexorable process that led from a scholarly feud about the editing of medieval Latin texts, in the 1860s, to the "Berlin Antisemitism Dispute" (Berliner Antisemitismusstreit) of 1879-1881, which is commonly viewed as the opening act of modern German antisemitism.
The articles discuss various aspects of Jewish identity in the Greco-Roman period. Was there a common ‘Jewish’ identity, and how could it be defined? How could different groups develop and maintain their identity within the challenge of Hellenistic and early Roman culture? What about the images of ‘others’? How could some of those ‘others’ adopt a Jewish lifestyle or identity, whereas others, abandoned their inherited identity? Among the questions discussed are the translation of Ioudaios, Jewish and universal identity in Philo, the status of women and their conversion to Judaism, the participation of non-Jews in the temple cult, the practice of Emperor worship in Judaea, and the image of Egypt and the Nile as ‘others’ in Philo. Two articles enter the debate whether Jewish identity had an ongoing influence within early Christianity, in Paul and in the rules known as the Apostolic Decree.
This is the story of the most significant devotional author of the seventeenth century in his first full English language biography. Using previously unknown letters as a few of the resources, this story aims to recreate the theological, sometimes magical, and social worlds of Johann Arndt. Arndt was regarded by his peers and successive generations as either the most significant Reformer since Luther, or an uneducated and dangerous element within the Lutheran church. Later commentators have given Arndt the credit, or blame, for the founding of the Pietist movement. Arndt was a central figure in the forging of various Lutheran "orthodoxies" of the early seventeenth century and thus the first generation to attempt an interpretation of the Lutheran Confessions of Faith. He is challenged by some on the conservative right for his mystical influences, but was a hero to orthodox Lutheran Johann Gerhard. He did more than found the pietist tradition (which he actually may or may not have); he also became the father of a Lutheran spiritual, maybe mystical tradition. While this movement would only last in more extreme forms of the Lutheran church, the argument from Arndt, Gerhard, and others was that this tradition was not in conflict with the teachings of the Lutheran Confessions. It's a movement that almost was, and lives on in whispers in the church today.
The idea of dedicating a Festschrift to honor Professor Frédéric Manns on the happy occasion of his 70th birthday came to mind in the autumn of 2011 and work on this project had been continuing ever since. Felicitously achieving this goal, the Faculty of Biblical Sciences and Archaeology (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum) and the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land present this volume to Father Manns with gratitude for his profound scholarship and a lifetime service in the Holy Land. Perusing through Father Manns’ writings, it is easy to see a prominent and distinctive place devoted to the Gospel of John. It seemed therefore suitable to focus on this subject in the Festschrift honoring him: the title, Rediscovering John, relates to Manns’ significant contribution towards the better understanding of the Fourth Gospel. The volume comprises 21 studies authored by renowned scholars from various parts of the world, from different institutions and denominations. While the first half of the studies examines general issues (history of interpretation, textual transmission, intertextuality, theological themes, archaeology), the second half treats literary, narrative and exegetical approaches to particular texts of the Fourth Gospel. We augur that this rich collection will help to stimulate further discussion and reflection on the Gospel of John, as well as constitute an incentive to an already distinguished scholar to continue writing challenging and thought-provoking essays and books. (from the Foreword by the Editor)
How to Read Middle English Poetry guides readers through poetry between 1150 and 1500, for study and pleasure. Chapters give down-to-earth advice on enjoying and analyzing each aspect of verse, from the choice of single words, through syntax, metre, rhyme, and stanza-design, up to the play of larger forms across whole poems. How to Read Middle English Poetry covers major figures?such as Chaucer, Langland, the Pearl Poet, and Robert Henryson?but also delves into exciting anonymous lyrics, romances, and drama. It shows, too, how some modern poets have drawn on earlier poems, and how Middle English and early Scots provide crucial standpoints from which to think through present-day writing. Contextual sections discuss how poetry was heard aloud, introduce manuscripts and editing, and lay out Middle English poetry's ties to other tongues, including French, Welsh, and Latin. Critical terms are highlighted and explained both in the main text and in a full indexed glossary, while the uses of key tools such as the Middle English Dictionary are described and modeled. References to accessible editions and electronic resources mean that the book needs no accompanying anthology. At once thorough, wide-ranging, and practical, How to Read Middle English Poetry is indispensable for students exploring Middle English or early Scots, and for anyone curious about the heart of poetry's history.
Around 1800, German Romantics fixated on Dante's Divine Comedy as a model for the creation of a new mythology of reason. This book traces that fixation across Romantic and Neo-Romantic texts, showing how the Romantic Dante cult in fact generated ominous amalgams of art, myth, and fascism in the twentieth century.
In the spring of 1898, thousands of peasants and townspeople in western Galicia rioted against their Jewish neighbors. Attacks took place in more than 400 communities in this northeastern province of the Habsburg Monarchy, in present-day Poland and Ukraine. Jewish-owned homes and businesses were ransacked and looted, and Jews were assaulted, threatened, and humiliated, though not killed. Emperor Franz Joseph signed off on a state of emergency in thirty-three counties and declared martial law in two. Over five thousand individuals—peasants, day-laborers, city council members, teachers, shopkeepers—were charged with myriad offenses. Seeking to make sense of this violence and its aftermath, The Plunder examines the circulation of antisemitic ideas within Galicia against the political backdrop of the Habsburg state. Daniel Unowsky sees the 1898 anti-Jewish riots as evidence not of Galician backwardness and barbarity, but of a late nineteenth-century Europe reeling from economic, cultural, and political transformations wrought by mass politics, literacy, industrialization, capitalist agriculture, and government expansion. Through its nuanced analysis of the riots as a form of "exclusionary violence," this book offers new insights into the upsurge of the antisemitism that accompanied the emergence of mass politics in Europe at the turn of the twentieth century.
A new translation and commentary on I Maccabees that offers a fresh interpretation of the author's values and purpose First Maccabees, composed in the second century BCE, chronicles four decades of clashes between Hellenistic Syria and Judea, from Antiochus Epiphanes's ascent to the throne in 175 BCE to the Hasmoneans' establishment of an independent Judean state, ruled by Simon and his sons. In this volume, Daniel R. Schwartz provides a new translation of the Greek text and analyzes its historical significance. In dialogue with contemporary scholarship, the introduction surveys the work's themes, sources, and transmission, while the commentary addresses textual details and issues of historical reconstruction, often devoting special attention to the lost Hebrew original and its associations. Schwartz demonstrates that 1 Maccabees, despite its Hebraic biblical style and its survival within the Christian canon, deviates from biblical and Judaic works by marginalizing God, evincing scorn for martyrs, and ascribing to human power and valor crucial historical roles. This all fits its mandate: justification of the Hasmonean dynasty, especially the Simonides.
The Fossil Fuel Revolution: Shale Gas and Tight Oil describes the remarkable new energy resources being obtained from shale gas and tight oil through a combination of directional drilling and staged hydraulic fracturing, opening up substantial new energy reserves for the 21st Century. The book includes the history of shale gas development, the technology used to economically recover hydrocarbons, and descriptions of the ten primary shale gas resources of the United States. International shale resources, environmental concerns, and policy issues are also addressed. This book is intended as a reference on shale gas and tight oil for industry members, undergraduate and graduate students, engineers and geoscientists. - Provides a cross-cutting view of shale gas and tight oil in the context of geology, petroleum engineering, and the practical aspects of production - Includes a comprehensive description of productive and prospective shales in one book, allowing readers to compare and contrast production from different shale plays - Addresses environmental and policy issues and compares alternative energy resources in terms of economics and sustainability - Features an extensive resource list of peer-reviewed references, websites, and journals provided at the end of each chapter
It has been generally assumed that the driving force behind German propaganda in World War Two was the Propaganda Ministry headed by Josef Goebbels, or the initiatives of various Nazi party organizations. There has been little research on the specific role of the Wehrmacht propaganda machine in this connection, even though it was the source for the bulk of German wartime propaganda material. This book deals with the history of the propaganda troops of the Wehrmacht, created shortly before WWII as a result of lessons learned concerning the importance of psychological warfare during WWI. This unique branch of service proved to be indispensable to the German propaganda effort during WWII. The products of its Propaganda Companies - better known as «PK», a term that became synonymous with high-quality war reporting in Germany - formed a crucial and popular part of wartime propaganda. The military propaganda organization worked closely with Goebbels's Propaganda Ministry and their cooperation contributed to the success of this young service. The veterans of the propaganda troops and their wartime and postwar products continued to influence the image of the Wehrmacht and WWII long after the war.
The wilderness narratives Ex 15:22–17:7 and Num 11:1-20:13 are shaped by striking repetitions as well as breaks in style and content. This study describes the continued interaction between the various text signals and the ‘co-operative reader’ who attempts to achieve a coherent reading. This type of an ideal reader alludes to the concepts of reception theorists W. Iser and U. Eco and is applied here for the benefit of the narratives of the Old Testament. A second main part 4demonstrates systematically the narrative tools of guiding the reader within the wilderness narratives. This approach emphasises the dynamic character of the interpretation of the text. In this way, the author re-evaluates for example text structures, blanks or duplicates by weighing up their significance and relevance for the reading process. Die Wüstenerzählungen Ex. 15:22-17:7 und Num. 11:1-20:13 sind von markanten Wiederholungen wie auch von stilistischen und inhaltlichen Brüchen geprägt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird fortlaufend die Interaktion der unterschiedlichen Textsignale mit einem `kooperierenden Leser ́ beschrieben, der trotz aller Lesestörungen bemüht ist, eine kohärente Lektüre zu erzielen. Dieser Idealtypus eines Lesers lehnt sich an die rezeptionsästhetischen Entwürfe von W. Iser und U. Eco an und soll für narrative Texte des Alten Testamentes fruchtbar gemacht werden. In einem weiteren Hauptteil werden systematisch die textlichen Mittel der Leserlenkung innerhalb der Wüstenerzählungen dargestellt. Mit dieser Herangehensweise wird der dynamische Charakter einer Textinterpretation betont. So werden beispielsweise Textstrukturen, Leerstellen oder Dubletten neu bewertet, indem ihre Signifikanz und Relevanz für einen Leseprozess abgewogen werden.
Ocular Disease—a newly introduced companion volume to the classic Adler's Physiology of the Eye—correlates basic science and clinical management to describe the how and why of eye disease processes and the related best management protocols. Editors Leonard A. Levin and Daniel M. Albert—two of the world's leading ophthalmic clinician-scientists—have recruited as contributors the most expert and experienced authorities available in each of the major areas of ophthalmic disease specific to ophthalmology: retina, cornea, cataract, glaucoma, uveitis, and more. The concise chapter structure features liberal use of color—with 330 full-color line artworks, call-out boxes, summaries, and schematics for easy navigation and understanding. This comprehensive resource provides you with a better and more practical understanding of the science behind eye disease and its relation to treatment. - Covers all areas of disease in ophthalmology including retina, cornea, cataract, glaucoma, and uveitis for the comprehensive information you need for managing clinical cases. - Presents a unique and pragmatic blend of necessary basic science and clinical application to serve as a clinical guide to understanding the cause and rational management of ocular disease. - Features 330 full-color line artworks that translate difficult concepts and discussions into concise schematics for improved understanding and comprehension. - Provides the expert advice of internationally recognized editors with over 40 years of experience together with a group of world class contributors in basic science and clinical ophthalmology.
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