Overconfident: How Economic and Health Fault Lines Left the Middle East and North Africa Ill-Prepared to Face COVID This report examines the region’s economic prospects in 2021, forecasting that the recovery will be both tenuous and uneven as per capita GDP level stays below pre-pandemic levels. COVID-19 was a stress-test for the region’s public health systems, which were already overwhelmed even before the pandemic. Indeed, a decade of lackluster economic reforms left a legacy of large public sectors and high public debt that effectively crowded out investments in social services such as public health. This edition points out that the region’s health systems were not only ill-prepared for the pandemic, but suffered from over-confidence, as authorities painted an overly optimistic picture in self-assessments of health system preparedness. Going forward, governments must improve data transparency for public health and undertake reforms to remedy historical underinvestment in public health systems.
This book is about 24 developing countries that have embarked on the journey towards universal health coverage (UHC) following a bottom-up approach, with a special focus on the poor and vulnerable, through a systematic data collection that provides practical insights to policymakers and practitioners. Each of the UHC programs analyzed in this book is seeking to overcome the legacy of inequality by tackling both a “financing gap†? and a “provision gap†?: the financing gap (or lower per capita spending on the poor) by spending additional resources in a pro-poor way; the provision gap (or underperformance of service delivery for the poor) by expanding supply and changing incentives in a variety of ways. The prevailing view seems to indicate that UHC require not just more money, but also a focus on changing the rules of the game for spending health system resources. The book does not attempt to identify best practices, but rather aims to help policy makers understand the options they face, and help develop a new operational research agenda. The main chapters are focused on providing a granular understanding of policy design, while the appendixes offer a systematic review of the literature attempting to evaluate UHC program impact on access to services, on financial protection, and on health outcomes.
This paper reports outputs from two approaches to estimating the direct and indirect carbon `costs¿ of the Australian tourism industry for the year 2003¿04. These Carbon Footprint estimates (in millions of tonnes) include the home (Kyoto) emissions and in addition, emissions from international aviation and overseas production, to gain an indication of the global emissions from Australian tourism. This title is also available for FREE download at www.crctourism.com.au
With the aim of providing a total picture of tourism¿s contribution to each of the state and territory economies, the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre¿s Centre for Economics and Policy (STCRC CEP) has estimated the indirect effects of tourism consumption in order to complement the previously published STCRC TSA estimates of tourism¿s direct effects. In this report, we present results of a study of the indirect economic contribution of tourism to Australia and to the Australian states and territories for the period 2003¿04. This title is also available for FREE download at www.crctourism.com.au
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