Allegheny City, known today as Pittsburgh's North Side, was the third-largest city in Pennsylvania when it was controversially annexed by the City of Pittsburgh in 1907. Founded in 1787 as a reserve land tract for Revolutionary War veterans in compensation for their service, it quickly evolved into a thriving urban center with its own character, industry, and accomplished residents. Among those to inhabit the area, which came to be known affectionately as "The Ward," were Andrew Carnegie, Mary Cassatt, Gertrude Stein, Stephen Foster, and Martha Graham. Once a station along the underground railroad, home to the first wire suspension bridge, and host to the first World Series, the North Side is now the site of Heinz Field, PNC Park, the Andy Warhol Museum, the National Aviary, and world headquarters for corporations such as Alcoa and the H. J. Heinz Company. Dan Rooney, longtime North Side resident, joins local historian Carol Peterson in creating this highly engaging history of the cultural, industrial, and architectural achievements of Allegheny City from its humble beginnings until the present day. The authors cover the history of the city from its origins as a simple colonial outpost and agricultural center to its rapid emergence alongside Pittsburgh as one of the most important industrial cities in the world and an engine of the American economy. They explore the life of its people in this journey as they experienced war and peace, economic boom and bust, great poverty and wealth—the challenges and opportunities that fused them into a strong and durable community, ready for whatever the future holds. Supplemented by historic and contemporary photos, the authors take the reader on a fascinating and often surprising street-level tour of this colorful, vibrant, and proud place.
This issue of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America focuses on Current Controversies in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders, and is edited by Drs. Daniel Laskin and Shravan Kumar Renapurkar. Articles will include: The role of imaging in diagnosis of TMJ pathology; The use of synovial fluid analysis for diagnosis of TMJ disorders; The use of occlusal equilibration in the treatment of TMDs; The use of occlusal appliances in the management of TMDs; The efficacy of pharmacologic treatment of TMDs; The use of Botox to treat myofascial pain; Surgical versus non-surgical management of degenerative joint disease; Orthodontics as a treatment for TMD; Orthognathic surgery as a treatment for TMD; Arthroscopy versus arthrocentesis for treating internal derangements; Discectomy versus discoplasty for treating internal derangements; Costochondral graft versus total alloplastic joint for TMJ reconstruction; Injectable agents versus surgery for recurrent TMJ dislocation; Combined or staged TMJ and Orthognathic surgery for patients with internal derangement and a skeletal disharmony; Treatment for idiopathic condylar resorption: Orthognathic surgery versus total TMJ replacement; The role of stress in the etiology of oral parafunction and myofascial pain; and more!
Many foods depend on additives for safety, stability or preservation. Foods are packaged to protect them and keep them in good condition while they are delivered to shops, stacked on shelves or stored at home. The packaging material has to both preserve the food and to protect it from deterioration, outside contamination or damage during distribution and storage; and the packaging material in direct contact with a food must not itself harm, or be harmed by, the food. The packaging material for a particular food must therefore be carefully selected with these considerations in mind. This book is designed to help current and prospective researchers in this field, understand the theory of food safety in plastic packaging. It will be of interest to anyone who uses polymeric food packaging.
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