Starting in the early 1970s, a type of programmed cell death called apoptosis began to receive attention. Over the next three decades, research in this area continued at an accelerated rate. In the early 1990s, a second type of programmed cell death, autophagy, came into focus. Autophagy has been studied in mammalian cells for many years. The recen
Starting in the early 1970s, a type of programmed cell death called apoptosis began to receive attention. Over the next three decades, research in this area continued at an accelerated rate. In the early 1990s, a second type of programmed cell death, autophagy, came into focus. Autophagy has been studied in mammalian cells for many years. The recen
In this chapter we discuss sepsis-induced inflammation and organ dysfunction, as well as the role of autophagy as a protective cell signaling mechanism. Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide, and is the most common precipitant of organ dysfunction. It has been noted that a minimal amount of cell death is present in patients who succumb to sepsis-induced organ failure and that, after the septic insult has passed, organs have the potential to regain function, suggesting a hibernating state of the cell in order to protect it from apoptosis and death. The cellular and molecular processes involved in sepsis are complex, and continue to be elucidated. Autophagy has been extensively studied in recent decades and an exponential increase in knowledge regarding this physiological pathway used by cells has been found. It is known to be activated under stress conditions in order to protect the cell from dying. In the setting of sepsis it has been demonstrated to play an important role for recycling of unhealthy mitochondria and damaged organelles, thus decreasing injury by ROS and providing nutrients and amino acids that the cell can use in this stressful environment. The purpose of this chapter is to review what is known about autophagy in sepsis and describe the contributing mechanisms by which autophagy can protect against organ injury.
Reviled as a fascist by his great rival Ben-Gurion, venerated by Israel’s underclass, the first Israeli to win the Nobel Peace Prize, a proud Jew but not a conventionally religious one, Menachem Begin was both complex and controversial. Born in Poland in 1913, Begin was a youthful admirer of the Revisionist Zionist Ze’ev Jabotinsky and soon became a leader within Jabotinsky’s Betar movement. A powerful orator and mesmerizing public figure, Begin was imprisoned by the Soviets in 1940, joined the Free Polish Army in 1942, and arrived in Palestine as a Polish soldier shortly thereafter. Joining the underground paramilitary Irgun in 1943, he achieved instant notoriety for the organization’s bombings of British military installations and other violent acts. Intentionally left out of the new Israeli government, Begin’s right-leaning Herut political party became a fixture of the opposition to the Labor-dominated governments of Ben-Gurion and his successors, until the surprising parliamentary victory of his political coalition in 1977 made him prime minister. Welcoming Egyptian president Anwar Sadat to Israel and cosigning a peace treaty with him on the White House lawn in 1979, Begin accomplished what his predecessors could not. His outreach to Ethiopian Jews and Vietnamese “boat people” was universally admired, and his decision to bomb Iraq’s nuclear reactor in 1981 is now regarded as an act of courageous foresight. But the disastrous invasion of Lebanon to end the PLO’s shelling of Israel’s northern cities, combined with his declining health and the death of his wife, led Begin to resign in 1983. He spent the next nine years in virtual seclusion, until his death in 1992. Begin was buried not alongside Israel’s prime ministers, but alongside the Irgun comrades who died in the struggle to create the Jewish national home to which he had devoted his life. Daniel Gordis’s perceptive biography gives us new insight into a remarkable political figure whose influence continues to be felt both within Israel and throughout the world. This title is part of the Jewish Encounters series.
Designed for quick, everyday reference, Handbook of Targeted Cancer Therapy and Immunotherapy, 3rd Edition, includes clinical trial results of more than 250 state-of-the-art targeted therapy and immunotherapy agents, providing a practical, intuitive, colorful overview of this rapidly advancing field. Comprehensive yet concise, this easy-access resource by Drs. Daniel D. Karp, Gerald S. Falchook, and JoAnn D. Lim, helps you navigate through the newest research reports and apply the most recent discoveries as they pertain to specific tumor types, actionable molecular targets, and clinical performance of investigational targeted agents and combinations of agents. This handbook presents information distilled by dozens of translational research clinicians and other healthcare experts with hundreds of years of cumulative experience in the revolutionary area of genomically based precision oncology.
Why Israel's greatest weakness is its greatest strength, and what its supporters and enemies can learn from its success Israel's critics in the West insist that no country founded on a single religion or culture can stay democratic and prosperous?but they're wrong. In The Promise of Israel, Daniel Gordis points out that Israel has defied that conventional wisdom. It has provided its citizens infinitely greater liberty and prosperity than anyone expected, faring far better than any other young nation. Israel's "magic" is a unique blend of democracy and tradition, of unabashed particularism coupled to intellectual and cultural openness. Given Israel's success, it would make sense for many other countries, from Rwanda to Afghanistan and even Iran, to look at how they've done it. In fact, rather than seeking to destroy Israel, the Palestinians would serve their own best interests by trying to copy it. Takes many of the most compelling arguments against Israel and turns them completely on their heads, undoing liberals with a more liberal argument and the religious with a more devout argument Puts forth an idea that is as convincing as it is shocking?that Iran's clerics and the Taliban should want to be more like Israel Written by Daniel Gordis, the author of the National Jewish Book Award winner, Saving Israel Daniel Gordis has been called "one of Israel's most thoughtful observers" (Alan Dershowitz) and "a writer whose reflections are consistently as intellectually impressive as they are moving" (Cynthia Ozick) Certain to generate controversy and debate, The Promise of Israel is one of the most interesting and original books about Israel in years.
Make optimal use of the latest personalized therapeutic strategies with Handbook of Targeted Cancer Therapy! This concise, practical oncology reference examines more than 140 targeted therapy agents for which clinical trial data are available, and explains when and how you can use them to most effectively combat cancer. Approach clinical challenges from any direction with separate sections on Targets by Organ Site, Carcinogenesis from the Perspective of Targeted Therapy, Molecular Targets and Pathways, and Targeted Therapy Agents. Find information easily thanks to a color-coded format and an intuitive organization. Access the complete contents online and on mobile devices, with regular updates to include newly approved treatments. Important state of the art cancer information for caregivers, researchers, other health care professionals, and even patients
As a result of the increasing number of surgical procedures on the brain, head, neck, and spine, postoperative changes are being encountered more frequently on neuroradiological examinations. However, these findings are often unfamiliar to neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons and can be difficult to interpret. This book, which contains numerous images and to-the-point case descriptions, is a comprehensive yet concise reference guide to postsurgical neuroradiology. It will enable the reader to identify the type of surgery performed and the hardware implanted and to differentiate expected sequelae from complications. Topics reviewed include trauma, tumors, vascular disorders, and infections of the head, neck, and spine; cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities; and degenerative diseases of the spine. This book will serve as a unique and convenient resource for both neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons.
Inside the 3rd edition of this esteemed masterwork, hundreds of the most distinguished authorities from around the world provide today's best answers to every question that arises in your practice. They deliver in-depth guidance on new diagnostic approaches, operative technique, and treatment option, as well as cogent explanations of every new scientific concept and its clinical importance. With its new streamlined, more user-friendly, full-color format, this 3rd edition makes reference much faster, easier, and more versatile. More than ever, it's the source you need to efficiently and confidently overcome any clinical challenge you may face. Comprehensive, authoritative, and richly illustrated coverage of every scientific and clinical principle in ophthalmology ensures that you will always be able to find the guidance you need to diagnose and manage your patients' ocular problems and meet today's standards of care. Updates include completely new sections on "Refractive Surgery" and "Ethics and Professionalism"... an updated and expanded "Geneitcs" section... an updated "Retina" section featuring OCT imaging and new drug therapies for macular degeneration... and many other important new developments that affect your patient care. A streamlined format and a new, more user-friendly full-color design - with many at-a-glance summary tables, algorithms, boxes, diagrams, and thousands of phenomenal color illustrations - allows you to locate the assistance you need more rapidly than ever.
BIOLOGY: HOW LIFE WORKS has been a revolutionary force for both instructors and students in the majors biology course. It was the first truly comprehensive set of integrated tools for introductory biology, seamlessly incorporating powerful text, media, and assessment to create the best pedagogical experience for students. THE VISUAL PROGRAM The already impressive visual program has been greatly improved and expanded. The powerful Visual Synthesis tools have been reimagined, allowing for more flexibility for both students and instructors. A new Tour Mode allows for learning objective-driven tours of the material and deep linking from the eText allow the student to jump straight from the text into a rich visual representation of the content. Instructors can also create customized tours to use for engaging in-class presentations. And finally, new animations have been added to the library, including a new 3D animation to support the animal physiology content. A FOCUS ON SCIENTIFIC SKILLS The third edition does even more to teach students the skills they need to think like a scientist, along with the content they need to move beyond the introductory course. New Skills Primers are self-paced tutorials that guide students to learn, practice, and use skills like data visualization, experimental design, working with numbers, and more. New How Do We Know? activities accompany the feature in the text and teach students to understand scientific inquiry. THE HUB The best teaching resources in the world aren’t of use if instructors can’t find them. The HUB provides a one-stop destination for valuable teaching and learning resources, including all of our well-vetted in-class activities. IMPROVED ORGANIZATION OF TOPICS We implemented several organizational changes based on extensive user feedback with the goal of creating an improved narrative for students and a more flexible teaching framework for instructors. A new chapter on Animal Form, Function, and Evolutionary History leads off the animal anatomy and physiology chapters to provide a whole-body view of structure and function and to provide better context for the more specific systems in following chapters. The ecology coverage has been enriched and reorganized for a more seamless flow. A new chapter on Ecosystem Ecology combines ecosystem concepts formerly housed in separate chapters to present a more cohesive view of the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems. All of these changes and improvements represent the next step in the life of Biology: How Life Works. We think we have created the best learning resource for introductory biology students, and we think instructors will find joy in the improvements they can make in their classes with these materials.
From climate change to farming systems to genetic modification of organisms, Crop Physiology, Second Edition provides a practical tool for understanding the relationships and challenges of successful cropping. With a focus on genetic improvement and agronomy, this book addresses the challenges of environmentally sound production of bulk and quality food, fodder, fiber, and energy which are of ongoing international concern. The second edition of Crop Physiology continues to provide a unique analysis of these topics while reflecting important changes and advances in the relevant science and implementation systems. Contemporary agriculture confronts the challenge of increasing demand in terms of quantitative and qualitative production targets. These targets have to be achieved against the background of soil and water scarcity, worldwide and regional shifts in the patterns of land use driven by both climate change and the need to develop crop-based sources of energy, and the environmental and social aspects of agricultural sustainability. Provides a view of crop physiology as an active source of methods, theories, ideas, and tools for application in genetic improvement and agronomy Written by leading scientists from around the world Combines environment-specific cropping systems and general principles of crop science to appeal to advanced students, and scientists in agriculture-related disciplines, from molecular sciences to natural resources management
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