For Advanced Manufacturing Engineers and IT Professionals - The practical application of automation fundamentals for discrete manufacturing processes that produce low volume highly complex products
For Advanced Manufacturing Engineers and IT Professionals - The practical application of automation fundamentals for discrete manufacturing processes that produce low volume highly complex products
Technical Problem or Adaptive Challenge? Before a design organization develops a new computer system to support a manufacturing process, strategists need to understand what they are facing. Will their designers have to confront a series of technical problems or adaptive challenges? Technical problems have known solutions that most designers clearly understand. However, this means they will solve problems using existing organizational practices. An adaptive challenge means the organization will face problems that individually have many possible solutions. To find the correct set of solutions, the organization must experiment and adapt over time. Many design organizations ignore the fundamental differences between technical problems and adaptive challenges. As a result, engineering and IT planners mistakenly believe that they only need to hire specialists to solve technical problems. They expect these specialists to use the latest technologies and/or adopt some agile development process. These technology-focused designs or faith-based processes produce applications that have many undesirable anomalies, idiosyncrasies, and outliers. The information contained in this book enables strategists to stop adapting to challenges and start solving problems. The information defines and describes how low-level design fundamentals affect manufacturing processes and upper-level system designs. It specifically identifies the many technical problems designers will face, variable methods for solving them, and expected outcomes. This information enables an organization to adopt the best practices before starting a design. This sets up a knowledge-based development process where designers understand technical problems, adopt the correct set of fundamentals, and make the necessary improvements to machines and system designs.
This book is about international humanitarian law or - as it is also called - the "law of armed conflict"or "law of war". It emerged from a series of lectures delivered at the Hague Academy of International Law. The author deals with war and the means by which international law attempts to contain and, as it were, "humanize" organized violence. But the ambitions of the author go beyond the battlefield. The book explores the many complex ways in which law functions to regulate warfare, in theory and practice. The author looks into treaties and other sources of international law, but he also tries to step outside the boundaries of "black-letter law"to deal broadly with such matters as the influence of culture in shaping the norms on war, the institutions that develop those norms and work for their universal acceptance, the networks of humanitarian actors in this area and the legal procedures in which the law of war and its various institutions are embedded. The book demonstrates that even wars are, in various ways, conducted in "the shadow of the law".
In Valuing Health Daniel M. Hausman provides a philosophically sophisticated overview of generic health measurement that suggests improvements in standard methods and proposes a radical alternative. He shows how to avoid relying on surveys and instead evaluate health states directly. Hausman goes on to tackle the deep problems of evaluation, offering an account of fundamental evaluation that does not presuppose the assignment of values to the properties and consequences of alternatives. After discussing the purposes of generic health measurement, Hausman defends a naturalistic concept of health and its relations to measures such as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). In examining current health-measurement systems, Valuing Health clarifies their value commitments and the objections to relying on preference surveys to assign values to health states. Relying on an interpretation of liberal political philosophy, Hausman argues that the public value of health states should be understood in terms of the activity limits and suffering that health states impose. Hausman also addresses the moral conundrums that arise when policy-makers attempt to employ the values of health states to estimate the health benefits of alternative policies and to adopt the most cost-effective. He concludes with a general discussion of the difficulties of combining consequentialist and non-consequentialist moral considerations in policy-making.
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