Recent developments in nanostructured materials have led to a shift in focus away from the replacement of tissues and towards regeneration. Nanoceramics with biomimetic properties have great potential in bone regeneration and new synthesis strategies have been developed to obtain materials with improved biocompatibility and multifunctional performance. The aim is to develop fully biocompatible implants, which exhibit biological responses at the nanometric scale in the same way that biogenic materials do. Current man-made implants are not fully biocompatible and always result in a foreign body reaction involving inflammatory response and fibrous encapsulation. Great efforts have, therefore, been made to develop synthetic strategies that tailor implant surfaces at the nanometric scale. The intention is to optimize the interaction at the tissue/implant interface thus improving quality of life for patients with enhanced results and shorter rehabilitation periods. This book deals with 'new bioceramics' for 'new applications'. Current and future applications are considered in terms of chemical composition, structure and properties. It explains the processes that (from the point of view of solid state and sol-gel chemistry) lead to better bone implants and other medical devices. The book is structured to make it useful for students of biomaterials, but also as a reference for specialists interested in specific topics. Didactic figures and schemes make it easy for under-graduates to understand and the extended bibliography is indispensable for researchers. The introductions to each chapter deal with some common fundamental concepts thus allowing the comprehension of each one independently. The first chapter describes biological hard tissues in vertebrates, from the point of view of mineralization processes. Concepts of hard tissue mineralization are employed to explain how nature works and an overview of artificial alternatives is provided. Chapter 2 details several synthesis methodologies used to prepare nano-apatites. The aim is to obtain artificial carbonated calcium deficient nano-apatites that resemble, as closely as possible, natural biological apatites. A review on synthesis methods is collected in the bibliography. Chapter 3 describes, in-depth, the biomimetic processes used to prepare apatites similar to biological ones. It focuses on hard tissue-related biomimetism and deals with nanoceramics obtained as a consequence of biomimetic processes. Valuable information about the most widely used biomimetic solutions and evaluation methods are included. The final chapter provides an overview of the current and potential clinical applications of apatite-like biomimetic nanoceramics, intended as biomaterials for hard tissue repair, therapy and diagnosis.
More than 50 years have passed since Professor Larry L. Hench discovered Bioglass. However bioactive glasses still awake the fascination of scientists, lecturers, students, dentists, orthopedic surgeons, etc. all over the world. The research developed during the subsequent decades has resulted in new materials that significantly differ from the original melt-derived Bioglass. The use of the sol-gel process in the 1990's and the discovery of mesoporous bioactive glasses in the 2000's revealed new potential applications in the field of bone regeneration and drug delivery platforms. Besides, the development of rapid prototyping techniques has allowed manufacturing bioglass-based 3D scaffolds in combination with polymers, which boosts the long-standing expectative of using bioactive glasses for the treatment of critical bone defects. Finally, the advances in nanomedicine have opened new research lines involving the synthesis and development of bioactive glass nanoparticles. "Bioactive Glasses: Properties, Composition and Recent Applications" consists of ten chapters written by worldwide recognized experts in this field. The book covers the most important topics in the field of bioactive glasses, from its discovering to the most recent advances in preparation methods and applications. This book is addressed to researchers involved in the field of bioceramics, but it also an excellent tool for undergraduate and PhD students, given that nowadays Biomaterials Science is a subject included in the program of many universities. Only knowing the discoveries that fifty years ago fascinated us, our students will understand the current efforts to expand the applications of bioactive glasses"--
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