This book on Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) Spectroscopy grew out of a symposium, with the same title, organized by us at the 1979 Meeting of the Materials Research Society (MRS) in Boston, MA. That meeting provided not only an overview of the theory, instrumentation and practice of EXAFS Spectroscopy as currently employed with photon beams, but also a forum for a valuable dialogue between those using the conventional approach and those breaking fresh ground by using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for EXAFS studies. This book contains contributions from both of these groups and provides the interested reader with a detailed treatment of all aspects of EXAFS spectroscopy, from the theory, through consideration of the instrumentation for both photon and electron beam purposes, to detailed descriptions of the applications and physical limitations of these techniques. While some of the material was originally presented at the MRS meeting all of the chapters have been specially written for this book and contain much that is new and significant.
This book is an outcome of the NATO institute on surface modification which was held in Trevi, 1981. Surface modification and alloying by ion, electron or laser beams is proving to be one of the most burgeoning areas of materials science. The field covers such diverse areas as integrated circuit processing to fabricating wear and corrosion resistant surfaces on mechanical components. The common scientific questions of interest are the microstructures by the different energy deposition techniques. and associated physical properties produced The chapters constitute a critical review of the various subjects covered at Trevi. Each chapter author took responsibility for the overall review and used contributions from the many papers presented at the meeting; each participant gave a presentation. The contributors are listed at the start of each chapter. We took this approach to get some order in a large and diverse field. We are indebted to all the contributors, in particular the chapter authors for working the many papers into coherent packages; to Jim Mayer for hosting a workshop of chapter authors at Cornell and to Ian Bubb who did a sterling job in working over some of the manuscripts. Our special thanks are due to the text processing center at Bell Labs who took on the task of assembling the book. In particular Karen Lieb and Beverly Heravi typed the whole manuscript and had the entire book phototypeset using the Bell Laboratories UNIXTM system.
The Chemistry of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium deals with the chemistry of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium and covers topics ranging from the occurrence and metallurgy of all three elements to their nuclear, physical, and chemical properties as well as analytical chemistry. The compounds of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium are also discussed. This volume is comprised of two chapters and opens with a historical overview and discovery of titanium, along with its occurrence and distribution, metallurgical aspects, and nuclear and physicochemical properties. The compounds of titanium are also considered, including alloys and complexes; hydrides and oxides; halides and oxyhalides; titanates and antimonides; and carbides and borides. The second chapter is devoted to zirconium and hafnium, their occurrence and metallurgy; and physical, chemical, and biological properties. Compounds of zirconium and hafnium are described, from alloys and hydrides to zirconates and hafnates; nitrides, phosphides, and arsenides; carbides, silicides, and germanides; molybdates, tungstates, halates, and perchlorates; alkoxides, mercaptides, and dithiocarbamates; and amides, alkylamides, triazenes, phthalocyanines, and bipyridyls. This book will be a valuable source of information for inorganic chemists.
/inca/publications/misc/creaghcov.htmAbout the coverThis book contains twenty chapters covering a wide range of research in the fields of scientific conservation of art and archaeometry. The common thread is the use of radiation in these analyses. The term "radiation" is used in the widest possible sense. The book encompasses the use of electromagnetic radiation in its microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x ray and &ggr; ray forms and the use of particulate forms such as electrons, neutrons and charged particles for which the Planck's Law relation applies. In many cases there is an interplay between the two forms: for example, proton induced x ray emission (PIXE), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). As far as possible the chapters have been arranged in order of ascending particle energy. Thus it commences with the use of microwaves and finishes with the use of &ggr; rays. The authors were chosen on the basis of their expertise as practitioners of their particular field of study. This means that, for example, the mature fields of study such as the IR and UV study of paintings have been written by senior researchers, whereas for the emerging fields of synchrotron and neutron techniques the chapters have been written by talented researchers at the commencement of their careers.
Mass Transfer is the net movement of mass of a chemical species from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It occurs in many industrial and non-industrial processes. Mass transfer is used by different scientific communities for different processes and mechanisms. Mass Transfer Operation is one of the core courses at the undergraduate level of Chemical Engineering curriculum. The chapters are organized in a way that enables the students to acquire an in depth understanding of the subject. The emphasis is given to the basic concepts of mass transfer operating, molecular diffusion, inter-phase mass transfer, humidification operations, drying, evaporation, crystallization, adsorption, novel separations and Mass transfer analogy, all coming under the realm of mass transfer operations. Apart from the numerous illustrations, the book includes review questions, exercises and aptitude test in chemical engineering which bridge the gap between theory and practical implementation. All numerical problems are solved in a systematic manner to reinforce the understanding of the concepts. This book demonstrates how to solve the industry related problems in chemical Engineering practice. This book is primarily intended as a textbook for the undergraduate students of Chemical Engineering. It will also be useful for other allied branches such as Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Polymer Science and Engineering, Bio-technology as well as Diploma in Chemical Engineering.
Excellent for its quality and in-depth coverage! This volume represents a compilation of important information on major topics related to nutrient requirements and nutrient metabolism among ruminants. This outstanding collection facilitates the dissemination of this ever-growing body of knowledge and is a valuable tool for achieving a more complete understanding of the subject. An abundance of photographs, diagrams, and tables illustrate and reinforce the text, serving to enhance student comprehension.
Neuropathy is one of the most common diseases of the nervous system. It affects millions of people. Despite the fact that neuropathy is a common and devastating disease, few effective treatments are available for the neuropathy patient. New treatment ideas in the form of integrative neurology, a combination of traditional medical and alternative medical thought, are offering the first real hope for neuropathy patients in years. Techniques like acupuncture a two thousand year old therapy, state-of-the-art methods such as non-invasive brain neuromodulation and low level laser therapy are discussed. Current medications now available for the treatment of neuropathy offer only symptomatic relief for neuropathy patients, however, many of the therapies included in this book may actually promote nerve regeneration. This book includes a multitude of alternative medicine treatments for neuropathy that are supported by over 330 scientific references. It is hope and help for neuropathy patients.
This book has its origin in a proposal made a few years ago that I should collaborate with Dr H. J. Stern in the production of a third edition of his well-known text-book entitled Rubber: Natural and Synthetic. The sugges tion was that I should contribute a series of chapters on synthetic rubbers. Although, in the event, it has not proved possible to publish the full book in the form originally planned, it was apparent that, with some restructuring, the material which I had collected would be valuable as an independent summary of the chemistry and technology of synthetic rubbers. It is in this form that the material is now offered. The primary purpose of this book is to provide a brief up-to-date survey of the principal types of synthetic rubber which have been and are currently available. Two classes of material are included which are regarded by some as being thermoplastics rather than rubbers, namely, plasticised polyvinyl chloride and the thermoplastic synthetic rubbers. The topics which are covered for each main family of synthetic rubbers are (i) the sources of the monomers, (ii) polymerisation procedures and the effects of important polymerisation variables upon the rubber produced, (iii) the types of rubber currently available commercially, (iv) interesting aspects of the compounding of the rubbers, with special reference to such matters as vulcanisation, reinforcement, protection against degradation, and (where appropriate) plasticisation, and (v) an indication of applications.
“The most mind-blowing information on heart disease. . . . I consider this to be the best book I’ve ever read on cardiovascular health.”—Ben Greenfield, New York Times bestselling author Heart disease is the number-one killer in the world. Despite ever-advancing medical procedures and more and more powerful pharmaceutical drugs, the rate of heart disease continues to rise. According to Dr. Stephen Hussey, this is due in part to misunderstandings about how the heart really functions and how to keep it healthy. These misunderstandings result in improper medical approaches and off-target intervention therapies. As a type 1 diabetic, Dr. Hussey has always known that he was at two to four times greater risk of developing heart disease. As a result, he has dedicated his entire adult life to understanding the heart, to prevent himself from becoming a statistic. And then his worst nightmare came true. Dr. Hussey suffered a “STEMI,” a blockage in the left anterior descending artery of his heart. STEMIs are typically so fatal that they are known as “widowmakers.” Only 12 percent of those who experience them outside of a hospital setting survive. Dr. Hussey was among the lucky 12 percent, but faced a difficult decision during his recovery: follow the standard of care laid out for him by the attending cardiologist, or politely decline and apply everything he’d learned about the heart to a recovery protocol that would look massively different than what the doctors were recommending. In Understanding the Heart, Dr. Hussey shares the information that guided him through the highest-stakes decision of his life, including: • A large body of research suggesting that the heart is not the main mover of blood in the body, and what that means for your overall health • The evolutionary origins of the nervous system, and how these manifest today in rampant rates of heart disease • Deep analysis of the widely accepted idea that saturated fat and cholesterol will clog your arteries • The importance of reducing oxidative stress for a heart healthy lifestyle In Understanding the Heart, Dr. Stephen Hussey lays bare everything he has learned in his deep investigation into the heart, and guides you on a path to prevent disease in the context of a highly diseased modern world in order to enjoy lifelong good health.
Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering provides broad coverage appropriate for senior undergraduates and graduates in medical physics and biomedical engineering. Divided into two parts, the first part presents the underlying physics, electronics, anatomy, and physiology and the second part addresses practical applications. The structured approach means that later chapters build and broaden the material introduced in the opening chapters; for example, students can read chapters covering the introductory science of an area and then study the practical application of the topic. Coverage includes biomechanics; ionizing and nonionizing radiation and measurements; image formation techniques, processing, and analysis; safety issues; biomedical devices; mathematical and statistical techniques; physiological signals and responses; and respiratory and cardiovascular function and measurement. Where necessary, the authors provide references to the mathematical background and keep detailed derivations to a minimum. They give comprehensive references to junior undergraduate texts in physics, electronics, and life sciences in the bibliographies at the end of each chapter.
Polymer Latices, Second Edition is a comprehensive update of the previous edition, High Polymer Latices, taking into account the many developments since it was first published in 1966. It is the only publication to provide such an outstanding and extensive review of latex science and technology, from background theory and principles, to modern day applications. It will prove an invaluable reference source for all those working in the area of latex science and technology, such as colloid chemists, polymer scientists, and materials processors.
This book is the result of more than ten years of research and teaching in the field of quantum electronics. The purpose of the book is to introduce the principles of lasers, starting from elementary notions of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. Because it is an introductory book, an effort has been made to make it self contained to minimize the need for reference to other works. For the same reason; the references have been limited (whenever possible) either to review papers or to papers of seminal importance. The organization of the book is based on the fact that a laser can be thought of as consisting of three elements: (i) an active material, (ii) a pumping system, and (iii) a suitable resonator. Ac cordingly, after an introductory chapter, the next three chapters deal, respectively, with the interaction of radiation with matter, pumping processes, and the theory of passive optical resonators.
This book is students friendly. It also demonstrates how to solve the industry related problems that crop up in Chemical Engineering Practice. The chapters are organized in a simple way that enables that students to acquire and in depth understanding of the subject. The emphasis is given to the fundamental of measuring instrument, Laplace Transform, Basic Concept of process control, first order and Second order system, Control of Industrial Bio-processes, Controller and Final control elements, Block diagram reduction techniques, Determination of Stability of a process, Advanced control techniques and control Structure of unit operations, all coming under the realm of Process Control. Apart from the numerous illustrations, the book contains review questions, exercises and aptitude test in chemical Engineering which bridge the gap between theoretical learning and practical implementation. All numerical problems are solved in a systematic manner to reinforce the understanding of the concepts. This book is primarily intended as a textbook for the under graduate students of Chemical Engineering, It will also be useful for other allied branches such as Medical Electronics, Aeronautical Engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Bio-technology as well as diploma in Chemical Engineering.
The book starts with a detailed description of ICP-MS, including quadruple-based, sector-based and time-of-flight instruments. Instrumentation from existing manufacturers is described and compared to show their similarities and differences. Also, a review of the ICP-MS literature is carried out to outline both the strengths and limitations of the technique, whatever its brand, as well as what it can currently accomplish in terms of applications. Then, the book demonstrates how these limitations can be reduced and/or eliminated by combining various techniques with ICP-MS. Great detail is provided on each technique so that the reader can get a good understanding of it before carrying on to the instrumental requirements for its hyphenation to ICP-MS, and the resulting impact on the operation of the hyphenated instrument. Since this book is concerned with the ICP side only, which is fairly similar in all the instruments from the different manufacturers, the information should be useful to all ICP-MS users. The features and limitations of each technique are thoroughly discussed and illustrated with a review of the ICP-MS literature. Approaches which could be used but have not yet been tried with ICP-MS are also suggested. This is particularly true of flow injection techniques which are extremely flexible and have been used extensively in atomic spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. Many of the features of the technique have not yet been combined to ICP-MS, and one purpose of the book will be to point out potentially beneficial combinations.
This book covers all aspects of the chemical behaviour of the muon - a rare, short-lived, elementary particle having a mass intermediate between that of the proton and the electron. Muons provide an exceptional opportunity to investigate basic chemical interactions, simply because they are so short-lived: they can thus be studied using the powerful technique of muon spin rotation, in which the yield, decay rate and identity of the muon in several different states is observed. Although originally of principal interest to nuclear and particle physicists, muons have recently become important as probes in solid-state physics and in all phases of chemistry. This book will be a valuable source of information for research scientists, university teachers and graduate students interested in physical chemistry, chemical physics and the application of nuclear science to the life sciences.
This book presents the major developments in this field with emphasis on application of path integration methods in diverse areas. After introducing the concept of path integrals, related topics like random walk, Brownian motion and Wiener integrals are discussed. Several techniques of path integration including global and local time transformations, numerical methods as well as approximation schemes are presented. The book provides a proper perspective of some of the most recent exact results and approximation schemes for practical applications.
This book is an essential reference source covering the chemical elements that are nutrients for plants or grazing animals. It deals with the concentrations and transformations of these elements in soils, grassland plants, and ruminant animals, particularly cattle and sheep. For each element, the following data are given: forms occurring in soil, factors that affect availability and concentration, uptake and distribution in grassland plants, role in animal nutrition, amounts and forms excreted by grazing animals, and concentrations needed by ruminant animals.
The combined effects of oxidising media and heat result in degradation by thermo-oxidation. The principles and cases described in this review emphasise long term degradation in service. Two additional phenomena that influence thermo-oxidation are also described: catalysis by certain metal ions, and the influence of stress. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Polymer Library gives useful references for further reading.
1. Best-selling study guide and well-structured study resource for NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER. 2. NEET Objective Physics Vol 2. – for class 12 3. The book follows the NCERT pattern for MBBS & BDS entrance preparation along with their school studies. 4. Diagrams, tables, figures etc support theory 5. Practice exercises after every chapter 6. Coverage of last 1 Years Questions of NEET, CBSEE AIPMT and Other Medical Entrances. The “NEET Objective Physics Volume – 2” is a complete comprehensive book designed for the medical students preparing for NEET. As the title suggests the volume -2 covers the complete NEET syllabus along with NCERT Textbook of class 12th into 14 Chapters for the simultaneous preparation of both school & exam. Every chapter is well supported by theories, diagrams, tables, figures. Important points and Notes are given in the topics to enrich students. In order to help, Check Point Exercises are given in between the text of all chapters to make students linked with the topic. Solved Examples are given with the different concepts of chapters to make students learn the problem-solving skills. Exercises provided in the chapters are divided into 3 parts. Part – A: Taking it Togetherdeals with objective questions arranged topically according to level of difficulty for the systematic practice. Part – B: Medical Entrance Special Format Questions – covers all special types of questions, generally asked in NEET & other Medical Entrances, Part – C: Medical Entrances’ Gallery – asked questions in Last 1 years’ (22-211) in NEET and other medical entrances. Answers to all the questions are well defined provided in different exercises. TOC Electric Charges and Fields, Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance, Current Electricity, Magnetic Effect of Current and Moving Charges, Magnetism and Matter, Electromagnetic Induction, Altering Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics, Waves Optics, Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter, Atoms, Nuclei, Solids and Semiconductor Devices.
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