The ever-increasing release of harmful agents due to human activities have led in some areas of the world to heavy pollution. In order to protect human health and the environment, environmental standards that shall limit the release and the concentration of those toxic agents in the environment and hence the exposure to it have to be established. The related assessment and decision-making procedures have to be based on solid scientific data about the effects and mechanisms of these agents as well as on ethical, social and economic aspects. For risk evaluation, the knowledge of the dose response curve is an essential prerequisite. Dose responses without a threshold dose are most critical in this connection. Such dose responses are assumed for mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, which, therefore, dominate also the discussion in this book. In the environmentally important low dose range, risk estimation can only be achieved by extrapolation from higher doses with measurable effects. The extrapolation is accompanied with uncertainties which makes risk evaluation as well as risk communication frequently problematic. In order to ensure rational efficient and fair decisions beyond a sound scientific assessment the dialogue between disciplines, with the affected people and with the general public is necessary. In this book, the whole range of relevant and essential aspects of risk evaluation and standard setting is addressed. Starting with the ethical foundations, the sound analysis of recent scientific findings sets the frame for further reflections by theory of cognition, psychosocial sciences, and jurisprudence. The authors end up with concluding recommendations for coping with the recent problems of standard setting in the field of environmentally relevant low doses. The book is designed to a readership of scientists, legislators, administrators, and the interested public.
This book answers two questions - firstly the practical question of whether a particular applicant is entitled to be awarded provision by the court and if so, how much; and secondly, the theoretical question of why such an award is made. This edition is fully amended and updated in accordance with legal developments since the second edition, including expansion of the Appendices to include the text of the 1975 Act as amended, the relevant Rules of Court and precedents, as well as unreported cases and case summaries. The detailed, practical approach is reinforced by the inclusion of checklists and flowcharts.
This book answers two questions - firstly the practical question of whether a particular applicant is entitled to be awarded provision by the court and if so, how much; and secondly, the theoretical question of why such an award is made.
This is the 1994 supplement to the 10th edition of Fisher and Lightwood's Law of Mortgage. It brings the text up to date with all legislation passed in 1994.
This book provides a theoretical and philosophical evaluation of why ethics matters for radiation protection, considering ethical questions such as harm, acceptability of risks, intention and the burden of proof. This includes a comprehensive introduciton to ethical theory, a discussion of the morally relevant aspects of actions linked to radiation exposure and an evaluation of radiation protection principles (including the latest ICRP recommendations) against ethical theory. A central thesis of the book is that ethics can be a tool to help improve the assessment and management of risks, illustrating the interaction between science, policy and values, and offering practical advice on risk evaluation for scientists, authorities and regulators.
Beskriver det amerikanske bombefly fra 2. verdenskrig, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, og beretter om dets anvendelse under krigen i Royal Air Force og andre Commonwealth-flyvevåben.
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