Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population--Phase II's Books

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population,Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population--Phase II

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The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses

The U.S. population is aging. Social Security projections suggest that between 2013 and 2050, the population aged 65 and over will almost double, from 45 million to 86 million. One key driver of population aging is ongoing increases in life expectancy. Average U.S. life expectancy was 67 years for males and 73 years for females five decades ago; the averages are now 76 and 81, respectively. It has long been the case that better-educated, higher-income people enjoy longer life expectancies than less-educated, lower-income people. The causes include early life conditions, behavioral factors (such as nutrition, exercise, and smoking behaviors), stress, and access to health care services, all of which can vary across education and income. Our major entitlement programs - Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income - have come to deliver disproportionately larger lifetime benefits to higher-income people because, on average, they are increasingly collecting those benefits over more years than others. This report studies the impact the growing gap in life expectancy has on the present value of lifetime benefits that people with higher or lower earnings will receive from major entitlement programs. The analysis presented in The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income goes beyond an examination of the existing literature by providing the first comprehensive estimates of how lifetime benefits are affected by the changing distribution of life expectancy. The report also explores, from a lifetime benefit perspective, how the growing gap in longevity affects traditional policy analyses of reforms to the nation's leading entitlement programs. This in-depth analysis of the economic impacts of the longevity gap will inform debate and assist decision makers, economists, and researchers.

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243

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030931710X

ISBN 13

9780309317108

Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Workshop Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population

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Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Workshop Summary

The environment for women's health has changed over the last 25 years. Increased use of automobiles can lead to health risks from lack of physical activity. There has also been an increase in access to and consumption of unhealthy food. Other changes in the past 2 to 3 decades include the significant increase in the number of women who are heads of households and responsible for all aspects of a household and family. Many women now are also having children later in life, which poses interesting issues for both biology and sociology. The growing stress faced by women and the effect of stress on health and illness are issues that need a more comprehensive examination, as do issues of mental health and mental illness, which have been more common and thus increasingly prominent issues for U.S. women. In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to shed light on important determinants, consequences, effects, and issues attending the relative disadvantage of women in the United States in comparison with women in other economically advanced nations. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309439043

ISBN 13

9780309439046

Aging and the Macroeconomy

Long-Term Implications of an Older Population

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population

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Aging and the Macroeconomy

Long-Term Implications of an Older Population

The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. In the coming decades, people aged 65 and over will make up an increasingly large percentage of the population: The ratio of people aged 65+ to people aged 20-64 will rise by 80%. This shift is happening for two reasons: people are living longer, and many couples are choosing to have fewer children and to have those children somewhat later in life. The resulting demographic shift will present the nation with economic challenges, both to absorb the costs and to leverage the benefits of an aging population. Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population presents the fundamental factors driving the aging of the U.S. population, as well as its societal implications and likely long-term macroeconomic effects in a global context. The report finds that, while population aging does not pose an insurmountable challenge to the nation, it is imperative that sensible policies are implemented soon to allow companies and households to respond. It offers four practical approaches for preparing resources to support the future consumption of households and for adapting to the new economic landscape.

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230

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309261961

ISBN 13

9780309261968

Aging and the Macroeconomy

Long-Term Implications of an Older Population

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Aging and the Macroeconomy

Long-Term Implications of an Older Population

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230

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309261961

ISBN 13

9780309261968

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses

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The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses

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243

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030931710X

ISBN 13

9780309317108

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Consequences and Policy Responses

By: Committee on Population--Phase II,National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

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The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Consequences and Policy Responses

The U.S. population is aging. Social Security projections suggest that between 2013 and 2050, the population aged 65 and over will almost double, from 45 million to 86 million. One key driver of population aging is ongoing increases in life expectancy. Average U.S. life expectancy was 67 years for males and 73 years for females five decades ago; the averages are now 76 and 81, respectively. It has long been the case that better-educated, higher-income people enjoy longer life expectancies than less-educated, lower-income people. The causes include early life conditions, behavioral factors (such as nutrition, exercise, and smoking behaviors), stress, and access to health care services, all of which can vary across education and income. Our major entitlement programs - Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income - have come to deliver disproportionately larger lifetime benefits to higher-income people because, on average, they are increasingly collecting those benefits over more years than others. This report studies the impact the growing gap in life expectancy has on the present value of lifetime benefits that people with higher or lower earnings will receive from major entitlement programs. The analysis presented in "The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income" goes beyond an examination of the existing literature by providing the first comprehensive estimates of how lifetime benefits are affected by the changing distribution of life expectancy. The report also explores, from a lifetime benefit perspective, how the growing gap in longevity affects traditional policy analyses of reforms to the nation's leading entitlement programs. This in-depth analysis of the economic impacts of the longevity gap will inform debate and assist decision makers, economists, and researchers.

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Page Count

182

Published Date

ISBN 10

030931707X

ISBN 13

9780309317078

Book's by Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population--Phase II

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Aging and the Macroeconomy

Aging and the Macroeconomy

Aging and the Macroeconomy

Aging and the Macroeconomy

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income

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