Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences's Books

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Does Sex Matter?

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

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Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Does Sex Matter?

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

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288

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309072816

ISBN 13

9780309072816

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity. This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.

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384

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030915586X

ISBN 13

9780309155861

Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration

Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Space Studies Board,Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space

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Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration

Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era

More than four decades have passed since a human first set foot on the Moon. Great strides have been made in our understanding of what is required to support an enduring human presence in space, as evidenced by progressively more advanced orbiting human outposts, culminating in the current International Space Station (ISS). However, of the more than 500 humans who have so far ventured into space, most have gone only as far as near-Earth orbit, and none have traveled beyond the orbit of the Moon. Achieving humans' further progress into the solar system had proved far more difficult than imagined in the heady days of the Apollo missions, but the potential rewards remain substantial. During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical science, and related obstacles-an achievement made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery. The Committee for the Decadal Survey of Biological and Physical Sciences acknowledges the many achievements of NASA, which are all the more remarkable given budgetary challenges and changing directions within the agency. In the past decade, however, a consequence of those challenges has been a life and physical sciences research program that was dramatically reduced in both scale and scope, with the result that the agency is poorly positioned to take full advantage of the scientific opportunities offered by the now fully equipped and staffed ISS laboratory, or to effectively pursue the scientific research needed to support the development of advanced human exploration capabilities. Although its review has left it deeply concerned about the current state of NASA's life and physical sciences research, the Committee for the Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space is nevertheless convinced that a focused science and engineering program can achieve successes that will bring the space community, the U.S. public, and policymakers to an understanding that we are ready for the next significant phase of human space exploration. The goal of this report is to lay out steps and develop a forward-looking portfolio of research that will provide the basis for recapturing the excitement and value of human spaceflight-thereby enabling the U.S. space program to deliver on new exploration initiatives that serve the nation, excite the public, and place the United States again at the forefront of space exploration for the global good.

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464

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309163846

ISBN 13

9780309163842

Learning to Think Spatially

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Geographical Sciences Committee,Committee on Support for Thinking Spatially: The Incorporation of Geographic Information Science Across the K-12 Curriculum

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Learning to Think Spatially

Learning to Think Spatially examines how spatial thinking might be incorporated into existing standards-based instruction across the school curriculum. Spatial thinking must be recognized as a fundamental part of Kâ€"12 education and as an integrator and a facilitator for problem solving across the curriculum. With advances in computing technologies and the increasing availability of geospatial data, spatial thinking will play a significant role in the information-based economy of the twenty-first century. Using appropriately designed support systems tailored to the Kâ€"12 context, spatial thinking can be taught formally to all students. A geographic information system (GIS) offers one example of a high-technology support system that can enable students and teachers to practice and apply spatial thinking in many areas of the curriculum.

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Page Count

333

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309092086

ISBN 13

9780309092081

Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment

Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health

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Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment

Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health

Over the past century, we have made great strides in reducing rates of disease and enhancing people's general health. Public health measures such as sanitation, improved hygiene, and vaccines; reduced hazards in the workplace; new drugs and clinical procedures; and, more recently, a growing understanding of the human genome have each played a role in extending the duration and raising the quality of human life. But research conducted over the past few decades shows us that this progress, much of which was based on investigating one causative factor at a time—often, through a single discipline or by a narrow range of practitioners—can only go so far. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment examines a number of well-described gene-environment interactions, reviews the state of the science in researching such interactions, and recommends priorities not only for research itself but also for its workforce, resource, and infrastructural needs.

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385

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309101964

ISBN 13

9780309101967

Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population,Committee on Understanding the Well-Being of Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations

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Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations

The increase in prevalence and visibility of sexually gender diverse (SGD) populations illuminates the need for greater understanding of the ways in which current laws, systems, and programs affect their well-being. Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, or intersex, as well as those who express same-sex or -gender attractions or behaviors, will have experiences across their life course that differ from those of cisgender and heterosexual individuals. Characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, and geographic location intersect to play a distinct role in the challenges and opportunities SGD people face. Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations reviews the available evidence and identifies future research needs related to the well-being of SDG populations across the life course. This report focuses on eight domains of well-being; the effects of various laws and the legal system on SGD populations; the effects of various public policies and structural stigma; community and civic engagement; families and social relationships; education, including school climate and level of attainment; economic experiences (e.g., employment, compensation, and housing); physical and mental health; and health care access and gender-affirming interventions. The recommendations of Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations aim to identify opportunities to advance understanding of how individuals experience sexuality and gender and how sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status affect SGD people over the life course.

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437

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309680816

ISBN 13

9780309680813

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

2014 Letter Report

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee to Review NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

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Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

2014 Letter Report

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee to Review NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks 2014 Letter Report is the second in a series of five reports from the Institute of Medicine that will independently review more than 30 evidence reports that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has compiled on human health risks for long-duration and exploration space flights. This report builds on the 2008 IOM report Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report, which provided an initial and brief review of the evidence reports. This letter report reviews seven evidence reports and examines the quality of the evidence, analysis, and overall construction of each report; identifies existing gaps in report content; and provides suggestions for additional sources of expert input. The report analyzes each evidence report's overall quality, which included readability; internal consistency; the source and breadth of cited evidence; identification of existing knowledge and research gaps; authorship expertise; and, if applicable, response to recommendations from the 2008 IOM letter report.

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116

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309314542

ISBN 13

9780309314541

Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Workshop Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on Population

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Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Workshop Summary

The environment for women's health has changed over the last 25 years. Increased use of automobiles can lead to health risks from lack of physical activity. There has also been an increase in access to and consumption of unhealthy food. Other changes in the past 2 to 3 decades include the significant increase in the number of women who are heads of households and responsible for all aspects of a household and family. Many women now are also having children later in life, which poses interesting issues for both biology and sociology. The growing stress faced by women and the effect of stress on health and illness are issues that need a more comprehensive examination, as do issues of mental health and mental illness, which have been more common and thus increasingly prominent issues for U.S. women. In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to shed light on important determinants, consequences, effects, and issues attending the relative disadvantage of women in the United States in comparison with women in other economically advanced nations. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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ISBN 10

0309439078

ISBN 13

9780309439077

Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment

Identifying Social Risk Factors

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Accounting for Socioeconomic Status in Medicare Payment Programs

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Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment

Identifying Social Risk Factors

Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Identifying Social Risk Factors is the first in a series of five reports commissioned to provide input into whether socioeconomic status (SES) and other social risk factors could be accounted for in Medicare payment and quality programs. This report focuses on defining SES and other social factors for the purposes of application to Medicare quality measurement and payment programs.

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111

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309381274

ISBN 13

9780309381277

A National Trauma Care System

Integrating Military and Civilian Trauma Systems to Achieve Zero Preventable Deaths After Injury

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on the Health of Select Populations,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Military Trauma Care's Learning Health System and Its Translation to the Civilian Sector

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A National Trauma Care System

Integrating Military and Civilian Trauma Systems to Achieve Zero Preventable Deaths After Injury

Advances in trauma care have accelerated over the past decade, spurred by the significant burden of injury from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Between 2005 and 2013, the case fatality rate for United States service members injured in Afghanistan decreased by nearly 50 percent, despite an increase in the severity of injury among U.S. troops during the same period of time. But as the war in Afghanistan ends, knowledge and advances in trauma care developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) over the past decade from experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq may be lost. This would have implications for the quality of trauma care both within the DoD and in the civilian setting, where adoption of military advances in trauma care has become increasingly common and necessary to improve the response to multiple civilian casualty events. Intentional steps to codify and harvest the lessons learned within the military's trauma system are needed to ensure a ready military medical force for future combat and to prevent death from survivable injuries in both military and civilian systems. This will require partnership across military and civilian sectors and a sustained commitment from trauma system leaders at all levels to assure that the necessary knowledge and tools are not lost. A National Trauma Care System defines the components of a learning health system necessary to enable continued improvement in trauma care in both the civilian and the military sectors. This report provides recommendations to ensure that lessons learned over the past decade from the military's experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq are sustained and built upon for future combat operations and translated into the U.S. civilian system.

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531

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309442885

ISBN 13

9780309442886

In Her Lifetime

Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

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In Her Lifetime

Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

By: Institute of Medicine,Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

The relative lack of information on determinants of disease, disability, and death at major stages of a woman's lifespan and the excess morbidity and premature mortality that this engenders has important adverse social and economic ramifications, not only for Sub-Saharan Africa, but also for other regions of the world as well. Women bear much of the weight of world production in both traditional and modern industries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, women contribute approximately 60 to 80 percent of agricultural labor. Worldwide, it is estimated that women are the sole supporters in 18 to 30 percent of all families, and that their financial contribution in the remainder of families is substantial and often crucial. This book provides a solid documentary base that can be used to develop an agenda to guide research and health policy formulation on female healthâ€"both for Sub-Saharan Africa and for other regions of the developing world. This book could also help facilitate ongoing, collaboration between African researchers on women's health and their U.S. colleagues. Chapters cover such topics as demographics, nutritional status, obstetric morbidity and mortality, mental health problems, and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.

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321

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309175887

ISBN 13

9780309175883

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Does Sex Matter?

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

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Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Does Sex Matter?

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

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287

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309132975

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9780309132978

Book's by Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration

Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration

Learning to Think Spatially

Learning to Think Spatially

Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment

Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment

Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations

Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Improving the Health of Women in the United States

Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment

Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment

A National Trauma Care System

A National Trauma Care System

In Her Lifetime

In Her Lifetime

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

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