Committee on Technologies for Cleanup of Subsurface Contaminants in the DOE Weapons Complex's Books

Groundwater and Soil Cleanup

Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Technologies for Cleanup of Subsurface Contaminants in the DOE Weapons Complex

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Groundwater and Soil Cleanup

Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants

This book presents a comprehensive, up-to-date review of technologies for cleaning up contaminants in groundwater and soil. It provides a special focus on three classes of contaminants that have proven very difficult to treat once released to the subsurface: metals, radionuclides, and dense nonaqueous-phase liquids such as chlorinated solvents. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup was commissioned by the Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its program to clean up contamination in the nuclear weapons production complex. In addition to a review of remediation technologies, the book describes new trends in regulation of contaminated sites and assesses DOE's program for developing new subsurface cleanup technologies.

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301

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309065496

ISBN 13

9780309065498

Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes

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Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes

It is now becoming clear that relatively few U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) waste sites will be cleaned up to the point where they can be released for unrestricted use. "Long-term stewardship" (activities to protect human health and the environment from hazards that may remain at its sites after cessation of remediation) will be required for over 100 of the 144 waste sites under DOE control (U.S. Department of Energy, 1999). After stabilizing wastes that remain on site and containing them as well as is feasible, DOE intends to rely on stewardship for as long as hazards persistâ€"in many cases, indefinitely. Physical containment barriers, the management systems upon which their long-term reliability depends, and institutional controls intended to prevent exposure of people and the environment to the remaining site hazards, will have to be maintained at some DOE sites for an indefinite period of time. The Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes finds that much regarding DOE's intended reliance on long-term stewardship is at this point problematic. The details of long-term stewardship planning are yet to be specified, the adequacy of funding is not assured, and there is no convincing evidence that institutional controls and other stewardship measures are reliable over the long term. Scientific understanding of the factors that govern the long-term behavior of residual contaminants in the environment is not adequate. Yet, the likelihood that institutional management measures will fail at some point is relatively high, underscoring the need to assure that decisions made in the near term are based on the best available science. Improving institutional capabilities can be expected to be every bit as difficult as improving scientific and technical ones, but without improved understanding of why and how institutions succeed and fail, the follow-through necessary to assure that long-term stewardship remains effective cannot reliably be counted on to occur. Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites examines the capabilities and limitations of the scientific, technical, and human and institutional systems that compose the measures that DOE expects to put into place at potentially hazardous, residually contaminated sites.

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179

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309071860

ISBN 13

9780309071864

Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Review of the Hanford Site's Environmental Remediation Science and Technology Plan

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Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford

The Hanford Site was established by the federal government in 1943 as part of the secret wartime effort to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. The site operated for about four decades and produced roughly two thirds of the 100 metric tons of plutonium in the U.S. inventory. Millions of cubic meters of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes, the by-product of plutonium production, were stored in tanks and ancillary facilities at the site or disposed or discharged to the subsurface, the atmosphere, or the Columbia River. In the late 1980s, the primary mission of the Hanford Site changed from plutonium production to environmental restoration. The federal government, through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), began to invest human and financial resources to stabilize and, where possible, remediate the legacy of environmental contamination created by the defense mission. During the past few years, this financial investment has exceeded $1 billion annually. DOE, which is responsible for cleanup of the entire weapons complex, estimates that the cleanup program at Hanford will last until at least 2046 and will cost U.S. taxpayers on the order of $85 billion. Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford provides background information on the Hanford Site and its Integration Project,discusses the System Assessment Capability, an Integration Project-developed risk assessment tool to estimate quantitative effects of contaminant releases, and reviews the technical elements of the scierovides programmatic-level recommendations.

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192

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309075963

ISBN 13

9780309075961

Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities

Adaptive Site Management

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Environmental Remediation at Naval Facilities

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Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities

Adaptive Site Management

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Environmental Remediation at Naval Facilities

The number of hazardous waste sites across the United States has grown to approximately 217,000, with billions of cubic yards of soil, sediment, and groundwater plumes requiring remediation. Sites contaminated with recalcitrant contaminants or with complex hydrogeological features have proved to be a significant challenge to cleanup on every levelâ€"technologically, financially, legally, and sociopolitically. Like many federal agencies, the Navy is a responsible party with a large liability in hazardous waste sites. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilitites applies the concepts of adaptive management to complex, high-risk hazardous waste sites that are typical of the military, EPA, and other responsible parties. The report suggests ways to make forward progress at sites with recalcitrant contamination that have stalled prior to meeting cleanup goals. This encompasses more rigorous data collection and analysis, consideration of alternative treatment technologies, and comprehensive long-term stewardship.

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377

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087481

ISBN 13

9780309087483

Peer Review in the Department of Energy-Office of Science and Technology

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Department of Energy-Office of Science and Technology's Peer Review Program

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Peer Review in the Department of Energy-Office of Science and Technology

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Department of Energy-Office of Science and Technology's Peer Review Program

The Office of Science and Technology (OST) of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Environmental Management (EM) recently has instituted a peer review program that uses the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), with administrative and technical support provided by the Institute for Regulatory Science (RSI), to conduct peer reviews of technologies (or groups of technologies) at various stages of development. OST asked the NRC to convene an expert committee to evaluate the effectiveness of its new peer review program and to make specific recommendations to improve the program, if appropriate. This is the first of two reports to be prepared by this committee on OST's new peer review program. OST requested this interim report to provide a preliminary assessment of OST's new peer review program. In the final report, the committee will provide a more detailed assessment of OST's peer review program after its first complete annual cycle.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309174457

ISBN 13

9780309174459

A Strategic Vision for Department of Energy Environmental Quality Research and Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Building a Long-Term Environmental Quality Research and Development Program in the Department of Energy

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A Strategic Vision for Department of Energy Environmental Quality Research and Development

The National Academies' National Research Council undertook this study in response to a request from the Under Secretary of Energy to provide strategic advice on how the Department of Energy could improve its Environmental Quality R&D portfolio. The committee recommends that DOE develop strategic goals and objectives for its EQ business line that explicitly incorporate a more comprehensive, long-term view of its EQ responsibilities. For example, these goals and objectives should emphasize long-term stewardship and the importance of limiting contamination and materials management problems, including the generation of wastes and contaminated media, in ongoing and future DOE operations.

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182

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030918312X

ISBN 13

9780309183123

Contaminants in the Subsurface

Source Zone Assessment and Remediation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Source Removal of Contaminants in the Subsurface

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Contaminants in the Subsurface

Source Zone Assessment and Remediation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Source Removal of Contaminants in the Subsurface

At hundreds of thousands of commercial, industrial, and military sites across the country, subsurface materials including groundwater are contaminated with chemical waste. The last decade has seen growing interest in using aggressive source remediation technologies to remove contaminants from the subsurface, but there is limited understanding of (1) the effectiveness of these technologies and (2) the overall effect of mass removal on groundwater quality. This report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for groundwater to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.

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371

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030909447X

ISBN 13

9780309094474

Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

This book assesses the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Science Program--a new program that funds basic research related to environmental cleanup of the department's weapons complex. The authoring committee was established to advise the department on the structure and management of the program. The book provides recommendations on long-term challenges and opportunities for the program.

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182

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309561620

ISBN 13

9780309561624

Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program

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Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program

This book assesses the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Science Programâ€"a new program that funds basic research related to environmental cleanup of the department's weapons complex. The authoring committee was established to advise the department on the structure and management of the program. The book provides recommendations on long-term challenges and opportunities for the program.

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181

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309174899

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9780309174893

Groundwater and Soil Cleanup

Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants

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Groundwater and Soil Cleanup

Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants

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301

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ISBN 10

0309065496

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9780309065498

Advice on the Department of Energy's Cleanup Technology Roadmap

Gaps and Bridges

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Development and Implementation of a Cleanup Technology Roadmap

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Advice on the Department of Energy's Cleanup Technology Roadmap

Gaps and Bridges

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Development and Implementation of a Cleanup Technology Roadmap

Beginning with the Manhattan Project and continuing through the Cold War, the United States government constructed and operated a massive industrial complex to produce and test nuclear weapons and related technologies. When the Cold War ended, most of this complex was shut down permanently or placed on standby, and the United States government began a costly, long-term effort to clean up the materials, wastes, and environmental contamination resulting from its nuclear materials production. In 1989, Congress created the Office of Environmental Management (EM) within the Department of Energy (DOE) to manage this cleanup effort. Although EM has already made substantial progress, the scope of EM's future cleanup work is enormous. Advice on the Department of Energy's Cleanup Technology Roadmap: Gaps and Bridges provides advice to support the development of a cleanup technology roadmap for EM. The book identifies existing technology gaps and their priorities, strategic opportunities to leverage needed research and development programs with other organizations, needed core capabilities, and infrastructure at national laboratories and EM sites that should be maintained, all of which are necessary to accomplish EM's mission.

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284

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309132312

ISBN 13

9780309132312

Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford

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Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford

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192

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309075963

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9780309075961

Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford

By: Committee on the Review of the Hanford Site's Environmental Remediation Science and Technology Plan,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Science and Technology for Environmental Cleanup at Hanford

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192

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309387906

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9780309387903

An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Technologies for Cleanup of High-Level Waste in Tanks in the DOE Weapons Complex

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An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks

A major issue in the cleanup of this country's nuclear weapons complex is how to dispose of the radioactive waste resulting primarily from the chemical processing operations for the recovery of plutonium and other defense strategic nuclear materials. The wastes are stored in hundreds of large underground tanks at four U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites throughout the United States. The tanks contain hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of radioactive and hazardous waste. Most of it is high-level waste (HLW), some of it is transuranic (TRU) or low- level waste (LLW), and essentially all containing significant amounts of chemicals deemed hazardous. Of the 278 tanks involved, about 70 are known or assumed to have leaked some of their contents to the environment. The remediation of the tanks and their contents requires the development of new technologies to enable cleanup and minimize costs while meeting various health, safety, and environmental objectives. While DOE has a process based on stakeholder participation for screening and formulating technology needs, it lacks transparency (in terms of being apparent to all concerned decision makers and other interested parties) and a systematic basis (in terms of identifying end states for the contaminants and developing pathways to these states from the present conditions). An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks describes an approach for identifying technology development needs that is both systematic and transparent to enhance the cleanup and remediation of the tank contents and their sites. The authoring committee believes that the recommended end state based approach can be applied to DOE waste management in general, not just to waste in tanks. The approach is illustrated through an example based on the tanks at the DOE Hanford Site in southeastern Washington state, the location of some 60 percent by volume of the tank waste residues.

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105

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309061830

ISBN 13

9780309061834

Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites

Summary of a Workshop Series

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Science and Technology for Sustainability Program,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Best Practices for Risk-Informed Remedy Selection, Closure and Post-Closure of Contaminated Sites

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Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites

Summary of a Workshop Series

The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management's (EM) mission is the safe cleanup of sites associated with the government-led development of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy. While many of these legacy sites have completed cleanup, the largest and most complex sites have not been fully remediated. The cleanup of these sites is proceeding under legally enforceable agreements with timelines for hundreds of milestones. EM is reviewing alternative approaches to increase effectiveness and improve cost efficiencies of its cleanup activities, especially for sites that will have residual contamination when active cleanup is complete. This report is the summary of two workshops convened in October 2013 and January 2014 on best practices for risk-informed remedy selection, closure, and post-closure control of radioactive and chemically contaminated sites that present significant difficulty for remediation to unrestricted release. The workshop series aimed to explore best practices that promote effective, risk-informed decision making and future opportunities to improve remediation approaches and practices.In the Workshop #1 section of Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites, the report examines holistic approaches for remediating sites with multiple contaminant sources and post-closure uses, and approaches for incorporating a sustainability framework into decision making regarding site remediation, closure, and post-closure control. In Workshop #2, the report focuses on post-closure controls, assessment of long-term performance of site remedies, and best practices for risk-based remediation decisions.

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203

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309303087

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9780309303088

Review of the Final Draft Analysis of Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation

Review #3

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Supplemental Treatment of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation

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Review of the Final Draft Analysis of Supplemental Treatment Approaches of Low-Activity Waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation

Review #3

In 1943, as part of the Manhattan Project, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation was established with the mission to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. During 45 years of operations, the Hanford Site produced about 67 metric tonnes of plutoniumâ€"approximately two-thirds of the nation's stockpile. Production processes generated radioactive and other hazardous wastes and resulted in airborne, surface, subsurface, and groundwater contamination. Presently, 177 underground tanks contain collectively about 210 million liters (about 56 million gallons) of waste. The chemically complex and diverse waste is difficult to manage and dispose of safely. Section 3134 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 calls for a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) to conduct an analysis of approaches for treating the portion of low-activity waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation intended for supplemental treatment. The third of four, this report provides an overall assessment of the FFRDC team's final draft report, dated April 5, 2019.

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ISBN 10

0309495210

ISBN 13

9780309495219

Remediation of Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Review of the Conduct of Operations for Remediation of Recovered Chemical Warfare Materiel from Burial Sites

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Remediation of Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel

As the result of disposal practices from the early to mid-twentieth century, approximately 250 sites in 40 states, the District of Columbia, and 3 territories are known or suspected to have buried chemical warfare materiel (CWM). Much of this CWM is likely to occur in the form of small finds that necessitate the continuation of the Army's capability to transport treatment systems to disposal locations for destruction. Of greatest concern for the future are sites in residential areas and large sites on legacy military installations. The Army mission regarding the remediation of recovered chemical warfare materiel (RCWM) is turning into a program much larger than the existing munition and hazardous substance cleanup programs. The Army asked the Nation Research Council (NRC) to examine this evolving mission in part because this change is significant and becoming even more prominent as the stockpile destruction is nearing completion. One focus in this report is the current and future status of the Non-Stockpile Chemical Material Project (NSCMP), which now plays a central role in the remediation of recovered chemical warfare materiel and which reports to the Chemical Materials Agency. Remediation of Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel also reviews current supporting technologies for cleanup of CWM sites and surveys organizations involved with remediation of suspected CWM disposal sites to determine current practices and coordination. In this report, potential deficiencies in operational areas based on the review of current supporting technologies for cleanup of CWM sites and develop options for targeted research and development efforts to mitigate potential problem areas are identified.

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139

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309257905

ISBN 13

9780309257909

Improving the Characterization Program for Contact-Handled Transuranic Waste Bound for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Optimizing the Characterization and Transportation of Transuranic Waste Destined for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

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Improving the Characterization Program for Contact-Handled Transuranic Waste Bound for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

As operational experience is gained in the disposal of transuranic waste from nuclear weapons facilities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico, the Department of Energy (DOE) has opportunities to change how it "characterizes" waste to confirm that it is appropriate for shipment to and disposal at the underground repository. The waste shipped to the facility includes gloves, rags, tools, and other debris or dried sludge that has been contaminated by radioactive elements, including plutonium, during production or cleanup activities in the DOE weapons complex. However, before the DOE seeks regulatory approval for changes to its characterization program, the agency should conduct and publish a systematic and quantitative assessment to show that the proposed changes would not affect the protection of workers, the public, or the environment, according to the committee. The assessment should take into account technical factors, societal and regulatory impacts, and the time and effort required to make the changes.

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144

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309090903

ISBN 13

9780309090902

Book's by Committee on Technologies for Cleanup of Subsurface Contaminants in the DOE Weapons Complex

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