Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines's Books

Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

Human spaceflight is inherently risky, with numerous potential hazards posed at each phase of a mission. Potential health risks during spaceflights include short-term health consequences from being in microgravity, as well as long-term health consequences that arise, or continue, months or years after a flight. Additional health considerations are risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants onboard spacecraft. Because the International Space Station and spacecraft are closed environments that require recirculation of air and water supplies, some contamination of the air and water will occur. Even with onboard air and water purification systems, chemicals will accumulate in the air and water as they recirculate or are recycled onboard. Therefore, it is necessary for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify hazardous contaminants and determine exposure levels that are not expected to pose a health risk to astronauts. NASA uses spacecraft maximum allowance concentrations (SMACs) and spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to air and water contaminants during normal operations and emergency situations. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines updates the methods for establishing SMACs and SWEGs and assists NASA with identifying chemicals that need updated SMACs or SWEGs and new chemicals for which these guidelines should be developed.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309390818

ISBN 13

9780309390811

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 5

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 5

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

NASA is aware of the potential toxicologic hazards to crew that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the committee. This book is the fifth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, and presents SMACs for acrolein, C3 to C8 aliphatic saturated aldehydes, C2 to C9 alkanes, ammonia, benzene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylhydrazine, ethanol, formaldehyde, limonene, methanol, methylene dichloride, n-butanol, propylene glycol, toluene, trimethylsilanol, and xylenes.

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Page Count

406

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309128447

ISBN 13

9780309128445

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

The International Space Station is a closed and complex environment, so some contamination of its internal atmosphere and water system is expected. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. NASA selects water contaminants for which spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) will be established; this involves identifying toxicity effects relevant to astronauts and calculating exposure concentrations on the basis of those end points. SWEGs are established for exposures of 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 days. This report is the second volume in the series, Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Chemicals. SWEG reports for acetone, alkylamines, ammonia, barium, cadmium, caprolactam, formate, formaldehyde, manganese, total organic carbon, and zinc are included in this report. The committee concludes that the SWEGs developed for these chemicals are scientifically valid based on the data reviewed by NASA and are consistent with the NRC (2000) report, Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines. SWEG reports for additional chemicals will be presented in a subsequent volume.

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534

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309103797

ISBN 13

9780309103794

Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination appears to be inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology to develop guidelines, similar to those developed by the NRC in 1992 for airborne substances, for examining the likelihood of adverse effects from water contaminants on the health and performance of spacecraft crews. In this report, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (SWEGs) examines what is known about water contaminants in spacecraft, the adequacy of current risk assessment methods, and the toxicologic issues of greatest concern.

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Page Count

173

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309171741

ISBN 13

9780309171748

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 5

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 5

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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406

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309128447

ISBN 13

9780309128445

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

By: Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels,Committee on Toxicology,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

By: Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels,Committee on Toxicology,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 15 identifies, reviews, and interprets relevant toxicologic and other scientific data for ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, phenyl mercaptan, tert-octyl mercaptan, lewisite, methyl isothiocyanate, and selected monoisocyanates in order to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for these high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three level--AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3--are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.

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229

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309291232

ISBN 13

9780309291231

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Volume 8

By: National Research Council,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Volume 8

By: National Research Council,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

This book is the eighth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports.

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465

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030915233X

ISBN 13

9780309152334

Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

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Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

Volume 2

U.S. Navy personnel who work on submarines are in an enclosed and isolated environment for days or weeks at a time when at sea. To protect workers from potential adverse health effects due to those conditions, the U.S. Navy has established exposure guidance levels for a number of contaminants. In this latest report in a series, the Navy asked the National Research Council (NRC) to review, and develop when necessary, exposure guidance levels for 11 contaminants. The report recommends exposure levels for hydrogen that are lower than current Navy guidelines. For all other contaminants (except for two for which there are insufficient data), recommended levels are similar to or slightly higher than those proposed by the Navy. The report finds that, overall, there is very little exposure data available on the submarine environment and echoes recommendations from earlier NRC reports to expand exposure monitoring in submarines.

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332

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309112737

ISBN 13

9780309112734

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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534

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309180074

ISBN 13

9780309180078

Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Limit for TCE

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Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent that is used as a degreasing agent, a chemical intermediate in refrigerant manufacture, and a component of spot removers and adhesives. It is produced in mass quantities but creates dangerous vapors and is an environmental contaminant at many industrial and government facilities, including facilities run by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). It is important to determine the safe occupational exposure level (OEL) for the solvent in order to protect the health of workers who are exposed to its vapors. However, there are concerns that the current occupational standards insufficiently protect workers from these health threats. Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene makes recommendations to improve the DoD's approach to developing an OEL for TCE, strengthen transparency of the process, and improve confidence in the final OEL value. This report reviews the DoD's approach using a literature review, evidence synthesis based on weight of evidence [WOE], point-of-departure derivation, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, extrapolation tools, and explores other elements of the process of deriving an OEL for TCE. It examines scientific approaches to developing exposure values and cancer risk levels, defining the scope of the problem, and improving hazard identification.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309499240

ISBN 13

9780309499248

Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletin from the Office of Management and Budget

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the OMB Risk Assessment Bulletin

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Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletin from the Office of Management and Budget

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the OMB Risk Assessment Bulletin

Risk assessments are often used by the federal government to estimate the risk the public may face from such things as exposure to a chemical or the potential failure of an engineered structure, and they underlie many regulatory decisions. Last January, the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued a draft bulletin for all federal agencies, which included a new definition of risk assessment and proposed standards aimed at improving federal risk assessments. This National Research Council report, written at the request of OMB, evaluates the draft bulletin and supports its overall goals of improving the quality of risk assessments. However, the report concludes that the draft bulletin is "fundamentally flawed" from a scientific and technical standpoint and should be withdrawn. Problems include an overly broad definition of risk assessment in conflict with long-established concepts and practices, and an overly narrow definition of adverse health effects-one that considers only clinically apparent effects to be adverse, ignoring other biological changes that could lead to health effects. The report also criticizes the draft bulletin for focusing mainly on human health risk assessments while neglecting assessments of technology and engineered structures.

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302

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309178886

ISBN 13

9780309178884

Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Published Date

ISBN 10

0309390818

ISBN 13

9780309390811

Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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173

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ISBN 10

0309171741

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9780309171748

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 4

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations

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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 4

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that Independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

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385

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309067952

ISBN 13

9780309067959

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 3

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 3

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

NASA maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination is inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, NASA requested that the National Research Council NRC provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. This book presents spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) for antimony, benzene, ethylene glycol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and propylene glycol.

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Page Count

206

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309128382

ISBN 13

9780309128384

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

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Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Volume 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, NASA requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of exposure guidelines for specific chemicals.

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372

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309182115

ISBN 13

9780309182119

Third IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications

Proceedings, December 7-8, 2000, Monterey, California

By: IEEE Computer Society. Technical Committee on the Internet

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Third IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications

Proceedings, December 7-8, 2000, Monterey, California

By: IEEE Computer Society. Technical Committee on the Internet

Annotation Seventeen papers from the December 2000 workshop discuss ubiquitous and context-aware computing, service discovery and interaction, personal mobility, systems support and UI toolkits for mobile devices and protocols for wireless networks. Some of the topics are a virtual machine architecture designed for mobile embedded systems, the Roma personal metadata service, performance evaluation of a lightweight resource reservation protocol for mobile Internet hosts, optimizing thin clients for wireless active-media applications, and using CORBA applications in nomadic environments. No subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

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198

Published Date

ISBN 10

0769508162

ISBN 13

9780769508160

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