Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events's Books

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Making Sense of the Evidence

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events

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Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Making Sense of the Evidence

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events

Data suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke can result in heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Recently, progress has been made in reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke through legislation banning smoking in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. The effect of legislation to ban smoking and its effects on the cardiovascular health of nonsmoking adults, however, remains a question. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects reviews available scientific literature to assess the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. The authors, experts in secondhand smoke exposure and toxicology, clinical cardiology, epidemiology, and statistics, find that there is about a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke. Their findings agree with the 2006 Surgeon General's Report conclusion that there are increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among men and women exposed to secondhand smoke. However, the authors note that the evidence for determining the magnitude of the relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is not very strong. Public health professionals will rely upon Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects for its survey of critical epidemiological studies on the effects of smoking bans and evidence of links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular events, as well as its findings and recommendations.

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Page Count

240

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309138396

ISBN 13

9780309138390

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Making Sense of the Evidence

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events

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Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Making Sense of the Evidence

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events

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240

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309138396

ISBN 13

9780309138390

Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,Committee on the Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

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Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on the Health of Select Populations,Committee on the Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

Many veterans returning from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have health problems they believe are related to their exposure to the smoke from the burning of waste in open-air "burn pits" on military bases. Particular controversy surrounds the burn pit used to dispose of solid waste at Joint Base Balad in Iraq, which burned up to 200 tons of waste per day in 2007. The Department of Veterans Affairs asked the IOM to form a committee to determine the long-term health effects from exposure to these burn pits. Insufficient evidence prevented the IOM committee from developing firm conclusions. This report, therefore, recommends that, along with more efficient data-gathering methods, a study be conducted that would evaluate the health status of service members from their time of deployment over many years to determine their incidence of chronic diseases.

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Page Count

192

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309217555

ISBN 13

9780309217552

Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment

Preparing for Paradigm Change: A Symposium Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Standing Committee on Risk Analysis Issues and Reviews

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Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment

Preparing for Paradigm Change: A Symposium Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Standing Committee on Risk Analysis Issues and Reviews

In 2007, the National Research Council envisioned a new paradigm in which biologically important perturbations in key toxicity pathways would be evaluated with new methods in molecular biology, bioinformatics, computational toxicology, and a comprehensive array of in vitro tests based primarily on human biology. Although some considered the vision too optimistic with respect to the promise of the new science, no one can deny that a revolution in toxicity testing is under way. New approaches are being developed, and data are being generated. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expects a large influx of data that will need to be evaluated. EPA also is faced with tens of thousands of chemicals on which toxicity information is incomplete and emerging chemicals and substances that will need risk assessment and possible regulation. Therefore, the agency asked the National Research Council to convene a symposium to stimulate discussion on the application of the new approaches and data in risk assessment. The symposium was held on May 11-13, 2009, in Washington, DC, and included presentations and discussion sessions on pathway-based approaches for hazard identification, applications of new approaches to mode-of-action analyses, the challenges to and opportunities for risk assessment in the changing paradigm, and future directions.

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135

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309156920

ISBN 13

9780309156929

Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(k) Clearance Process

Measuring Postmarket Performance and Other Select Topics: Workshop Report

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on the Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(k) Clearance Process

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Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(k) Clearance Process

Measuring Postmarket Performance and Other Select Topics: Workshop Report

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on the Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(k) Clearance Process

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring that medical devices are safe and effective before they go on the market. Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires a manufacturer of medical devices to notify FDA of its intent to market a medical device at least 90 days in advance. That window of time allows FDA to evaluate whether the device is substantially equivalent to a product already legally on the market (called a predicate), in which case the device does not need to go through the premarket approval (PMA) process. As part of its assessment of the FDA's premarket clearance process for medical devices, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) held a workshop on July 28, 2010 to discuss how medical devices are monitored for safety after they are available to consumers. Its primary focus was on monitoring the safety of marketed medical devices, including FDA's postmarket surveillance activities, analysis of safety concerns that resulted in medical device recalls, and non-FDA sources of adverse-event information. Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 501(K) Clearance Process summarizes the views of the workshop participants.

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132

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309162068

ISBN 13

9780309162067

Sodium Intake in Populations

Assessment of Evidence

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on the Consequences of Sodium Reduction in Populations

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Sodium Intake in Populations

Assessment of Evidence

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on the Consequences of Sodium Reduction in Populations

Despite efforts over the past several decades to reduce sodium intake in the United States, adults still consume an average of 3,400 mg of sodium every day. A number of scientific bodies and professional health organizations, including the American Heart Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association, support reducing dietary sodium intake. These organizations support a common goal to reduce daily sodium intake to less than 2,300 milligrams and further reduce intake to 1,500 mg among persons who are 51 years of age and older and those of any age who are African-American or have hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. A substantial body of evidence supports these efforts to reduce sodium intake. This evidence links excessive dietary sodium to high blood pressure, a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and cardiac-related mortality. However, concerns have been raised that a low sodium intake may adversely affect certain risk factors, including blood lipids and insulin resistance, and thus potentially increase risk of heart disease and stroke. In fact, several recent reports have challenged sodium reduction in the population as a strategy to reduce this risk. Sodium Intake in Populations recognizes the limitations of the available evidence, and explains that there is no consistent evidence to support an association between sodium intake and either a beneficial or adverse effect on most direct health outcomes other than some CVD outcomes (including stroke and CVD mortality) and all-cause mortality. Some evidence suggested that decreasing sodium intake could possibly reduce the risk of gastric cancer. However, the evidence was too limited to conclude the converse-that higher sodium intake could possibly increase the risk of gastric cancer. Interpreting these findings was particularly challenging because most studies were conducted outside the United States in populations consuming much higher levels of sodium than those consumed in this country. Sodium Intake in Populations is a summary of the findings and conclusions on evidence for associations between sodium intake and risk of CVD-related events and mortality.

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Page Count

225

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309282985

ISBN 13

9780309282987

Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Smoking Cessation in Military and Veteran Populations

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Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Smoking Cessation in Military and Veteran Populations

The health and economic costs of tobacco use in military and veteran populations are high. In 2007, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) make recommendations on how to reduce tobacco initiation and encourage cessation in both military and veteran populations. In its 2009 report, Combating Tobacco in Military and Veteran Populations, the authoring committee concludes that to prevent tobacco initiation and encourage cessation, both DoD and VA should implement comprehensive tobacco-control programs.

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Page Count

380

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309137675

ISBN 13

9780309137676

For the Public's Health

Revitalizing Law and Policy to Meet New Challenges

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Public Health Strategies to Improve Health

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For the Public's Health

Revitalizing Law and Policy to Meet New Challenges

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Public Health Strategies to Improve Health

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to examine three topics in relation to public health: measurement, the law, and funding. IOM prepared a three book series-one book on each topic-that contain actionable recommendations for public health agencies and other stakeholders that have roles in the health of the U.S population. For the Public's Health: Revitalizing Law and Policy to Meet New Challenges is the second in the For the Public Health's Series, and reflects on legal and public policy reform on three levels: first, laws that establish the structure, duties, and authorities of public health departments; second, the use of legal and policy tools to improve the public's health; and third, the health effects of laws and policies from other sectors in and outside government. The book recommends that states enact legislation with appropriate funding to ensure that all public health departments have the mandate and the capacity to effectively deliver the Ten Essential Public Health Services. The book also recommends that states revise their laws to require public health accreditation for state and local health departments through the Public Health Accreditation Board accreditation process. The book urges government agencies to familiarize themselves with the public health and policy interventions at their disposal that can influence behavior and more importantly change conditions-social, economic, and environmental-to improve health. Lastly, the IOM encourages government and private-sector stakeholders to consider health in a wide range of policies (a health in all policies approach) and to evaluate the health effects and costs of major legislation. This book, as well as the other two books in the series, is intended to inform and help federal, state, and local governments, public health agencies, clinical care organizations, the private sector, and community-based organizations.

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Page Count

140

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309186919

ISBN 13

9780309186919

Book's by Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects

Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment

Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment

Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(k) Clearance Process

Public Health Effectiveness of the FDA 510(k) Clearance Process

Sodium Intake in Populations

Sodium Intake in Populations

Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations

Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations

For the Public's Health

For the Public's Health

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