Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy's Books

Putting science and engineering at the heart of government policy

eighth report of session 2008-09, Vol. 2: Oral and written evidence

By: Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee

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Putting science and engineering at the heart of government policy

eighth report of session 2008-09, Vol. 2: Oral and written evidence

By: Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee

A report that considers the broad issue of why science and engineering are important and why they should be at the heart of Government policy. It also considers three more specific issues: the debate on strategic priorities; the principles that inform science funding decisions; and, the scrutiny of science and engineering across Government.

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308

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The Stationery Office

Published Date

ISBN 10

0215540212

ISBN 13

9780215540218

Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

Are we producing too many PhDs? Does the current graduate education system adequately prepare science and engineering students for today's marketplace? How do foreign students enter the picture? What should be the PhD of the future? These and other questions are addressed in this book by a blue-ribbon panel of scientists and engineers. Recommendations are aimed at creating a new PhD that would retain the existing strengths of the current system while substantially increasing the information available, the potential versatility of students, and the career options afforded to them by their PhD education.

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221

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309052858

ISBN 13

9780309052856

Research Strategies for the U.S. Global Change Research Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Committee on Global Change

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Research Strategies for the U.S. Global Change Research Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Committee on Global Change

This book recommends research priorities and scientific approaches for global change research. It addresses the scientific approaches for documenting global change, developing integrated earth system models, and conducting focused studies to improve understanding of global change on topics such as earth system history and human sources of global change.

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304

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309043484

ISBN 13

9780309043489

Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend

On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend

On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

This guide offers helpful advice on how teachers, administrators, and career advisers in science and engineering can become better mentors to their students. It starts with the premise that a successful mentor guides students in a variety of ways: by helping them get the most from their educational experience, by introducing them to and making them comfortable with a specific disciplinary culture, and by offering assistance with the search for suitable employment. Other topics covered in the guide include career planning, time management, writing development, and responsible scientific conduct. Also included is a valuable list of bibliographical and Internet resources on mentoring and related topics.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309132673

ISBN 13

9780309132671

Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

In 1995, the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council issued a report entitled Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, which recommended tracking of federal investments in the creation of new knowledge and technologiesâ€"what the report referred to as the federal science and technology (FS&T) budget. Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 2001 Federal Science and Technology Budget, the third annual report, identifies potential impacts of the President's proposed FS&T budget. This report does not make recommendations about specific spending levels, but rather identifies aspects of the proposed budget as they affect the health of the nation's research enterprise.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030906984X

ISBN 13

9780309069847

The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education

Branches from the Same Tree

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Committee on Integrating Higher Education in the Arts, Humanities, Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

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The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education

Branches from the Same Tree

In the United States, broad study in an array of different disciplines â€"arts, humanities, science, mathematics, engineeringâ€" as well as an in-depth study within a special area of interest, have been defining characteristics of a higher education. But over time, in-depth study in a major discipline has come to dominate the curricula at many institutions. This evolution of the curriculum has been driven, in part, by increasing specialization in the academic disciplines. There is little doubt that disciplinary specialization has helped produce many of the achievement of the past century. Researchers in all academic disciplines have been able to delve more deeply into their areas of expertise, grappling with ever more specialized and fundamental problems. Yet today, many leaders, scholars, parents, and students are asking whether higher education has moved too far from its integrative tradition towards an approach heavily rooted in disciplinary "silos". These "silos" represent what many see as an artificial separation of academic disciplines. This study reflects a growing concern that the approach to higher education that favors disciplinary specialization is poorly calibrated to the challenges and opportunities of our time. The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education examines the evidence behind the assertion that educational programs that mutually integrate learning experiences in the humanities and arts with science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) lead to improved educational and career outcomes for undergraduate and graduate students. It explores evidence regarding the value of integrating more STEMM curricula and labs into the academic programs of students majoring in the humanities and arts and evidence regarding the value of integrating curricula and experiences in the arts and humanities into college and university STEMM education programs.

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283

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309470641

ISBN 13

9780309470643

Finding Common Ground

U.S. Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on the Future Design and Implementation of U.S. National Security Export Controls

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Finding Common Ground

U.S. Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment

Protecting U.S. security by controlling technology export has long been a major issue. But the threat of the Soviet sphere is rapidly being superseded by state-sponsored terrorism; nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile proliferation; and other critical security factors. This volume provides a policy outline and specific steps for an urgently needed revamping of U.S. and multilateral export controls. It presents the latest information on these and many other pressing issues: The successes and failures of U.S. export controls, including a look at U.S. laws, regulations, and export licensing; U.S. participation in international agencies; and the role of industry. The effects of export controls on industry. The growing threat of "proliferation" technologies. World events make this volume indispensable to policymakers, government security agencies, technology exporters, and faculty and students of international affairs.

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409

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309043921

ISBN 13

9780309043922

Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Opening Doors

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Increasing the Number of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM)

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Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Opening Doors

Careers in science, engineering, and medicine offer opportunities to advance knowledge, contribute to the well-being of communities, and support the security, prosperity, and health of the United States. But many women do not pursue or persist in these careers, or advance to leadership positions - not because they lack the talent or aspirations, but because they face barriers, including: implicit and explicit bias; sexual harassment; unequal access to funding and resources; pay inequity; higher teaching and advising loads; and fewer speaking invitations, among others. There are consequences from this underrepresentation of women for the nation as well: a labor shortage in many science, engineering, and medical professions that cannot be filled unless institutions and organizations recruit from a broad and diverse talent pool; lost opportunities for innovation and economic gain; and lost talent as a result of discrimination, unconscious bias, and sexual harassment. Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine reviews and synthesizes existing research on policies, practices, programs, and other interventions for improving the recruitment, retention, and sustained advancement into leadership roles of women in these disciplines. This report makes actionable recommendations to leverage change and drive swift, coordinated improvements to the systems of education, research, and employment in order to improve both the representation and leadership of women.

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235

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309498279

ISBN 13

9780309498272

Bridges to Independence

Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research

By: National Research Council,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Bridges to Independence: Identifying Opportunities for and Challenges to Fostering the Independence of Young Investigators in the Life Sciences

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Bridges to Independence

Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research

A rising median age at which PhD's receive their first research grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is among the factors forcing academic biomedical researchers to spend longer periods of time before they can set their own research directions and establish there independence. The fear that promising prospective scientists will choose other career paths has raised concerns about the future of biomedical research in the United States. At the request of NIH, the National Academies conducted a study on ways to address these issues. The report recommends that NIH make fostering independence of biomedical researchers an agencywide goal, and that it take steps to provide postdocs and early-career investigators with more financial support for their own research, improve postdoc mentoring and establish programs for new investigators and staff scientists among other mechanisms.

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173

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030909626X

ISBN 13

9780309096263

The Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance

By: National Academy of Engineering,Committee on the Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance

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The Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance

By: National Academy of Engineering,Committee on the Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance

Drawing on the findings of sector-specific workshops, e-mail surveys, research literature, expert testimony, and committee and panel members' expertise, this National Academy of Engineering study assesses the qualitative impact of academic research on five industriesâ€"network systems and communications; medical devices and equipment; aerospace; transportation, distribution, and logistics services; and financial services. The book documents the range and significance of academic research contributions to the five industriesâ€"comparing the importance of different types of contributions, the multi- and interdisciplinary nature of these contributions, and the multiple vectors by which academic research is linked to each industry. The book calls for action to address six cross-cutting challenges to university-industry interactions: the growing disciplinary and time-horizon-related imbalances in federal R&D funding, barriers to university-industry interaction in service industries, the critical role of academic research in the advancement of information technology, the role of academic research in the regulation of industry, the impact of technology transfer activities on core university research and education missions, and the search for new pathways and mechanisms to enhance the contributions of academic research to industry. The book also includes findings and recommendations specific to each industry.

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265

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309089735

ISBN 13

9780309089739

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity. This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.

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384

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309114632

ISBN 13

9780309114639

Careers in Science and Engineering

A Student Planning Guide to Grad School and Beyond

By: Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Institute of Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,National Academy of Sciences,National Academy of Engineering

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Careers in Science and Engineering

A Student Planning Guide to Grad School and Beyond

By: Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Institute of Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,National Academy of Sciences,National Academy of Engineering

As science and technology advance, the needs of employers change, and these changes continually reshape the job market for scientists and engineers. Such shifts present challenges for students as they struggle to make well-informed education and career choices. Careers in Science and Engineering offers guidance to students on planning careers--particularly careers in nonacademic settings--and acquiring the education necessary to attain career goals. This booklet is designed for graduate science and engineering students currently in or soon to graduate from a university, as well as undergraduates in their third or fourth year of study who are deciding whether or not to pursue graduate education. The content has been reviewed by a number of student focus groups and an advisory committee that included students and representatives of several disciplinary societies. Careers in Science and Engineering offers advice on not only surviving but also enjoying a science- or engineering-related education and career-- how to find out about possible careers to pursue, choose a graduate school, select a research project, work with advisers, balance breadth against specialization, obtain funding, evaluate postdoctoral appointments, build skills, and more. Throughout, Careers in Science and Engineering lists resources and suggests people to interview in order to gather the information and insights needed to make good education and career choices. The booklet also offers profiles of science and engineering professionals in a variety of careers. Careers in Science and Engineering will be important to undergraduate and graduate students who have decided to pursue a career in science and engineering or related areas. It will also be of interest to faculty, counselors, and education administrators.

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159

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309521912

ISBN 13

9780309521918

Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers

A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

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Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers

A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

The concept of postdoctoral training came to science and engineering about a century ago. Since the 1960s, the performance of research in the United States has increasingly relied on these recent PhDs who work on a full-time, but on a temporary basis, to gain additional research experience in preparation for a professional research career. Such experiences are increasingly seen as central to careers in research, but for many, the postdoctoral experience falls short of expectations. Some postdocs indicate that they have not received the recognition, standing or compensation that is commensurate with their experience and skills. Is this the case? If so, how can the postdoctoral experience be enhanced for the over 40,000 individuals who hold these positions at university, government, and industry laboratories? This new book offers its assessment of the postdoctoral experience and provides principles, action points, and recommendations for enhancing that experience.

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210

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309171997

ISBN 13

9780309171991

Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering

Report of a Workshop

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

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Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering

Report of a Workshop

During the last 40 years, the number of women studying science and engineering (S&E) has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, women do not hold academic faculty positions in numbers that commensurate with their increasing share of the S&E talent pool. The discrepancy exists at both the junior and senior faculty levels. In December 2005, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore these issues. Experts in a number of disciplines met to address what sex-differences research tells us about capability, behavior, career decisions, and achievement; the role of organizational structures and institutional policy; cross-cutting issues of race and ethnicity; key research needs and experimental paradigms and tools; and the ramifications of their research for policy, particularly for evaluating current and potential academic faculty. Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering consists of three elements: an introduction, summaries of panel discussions including public comment sessions, and poster abstracts.

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245

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100410

ISBN 13

9780309100410

Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming

Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base

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Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming

Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base

Global warming continues to gain importance on the international agenda and calls for action are heightening. Yet, there is still controversy over what must be done and what is needed to proceed. Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming describes the information necessary to make decisions about global warming resulting from atmospheric releases of radiatively active trace gases. The conclusions and recommendations include some unexpected results. The distinguished authoring committee provides specific advice for U.S. policy and addresses the need for an international response to potential greenhouse warming. It offers a realistic view of gaps in the scientific understanding of greenhouse warming and how much effort and expense might be required to produce definitive answers. The book presents methods for assessing options to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, offset emissions, and assist humans and unmanaged systems of plants and animals to adjust to the consequences of global warming.

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945

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309043867

ISBN 13

9780309043861

Engineering

Turning Ideas Into Reality, Fourth Report of Session 2008-09, Vol. 3: Oral and Written Evidence

By: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee

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Engineering

Turning Ideas Into Reality, Fourth Report of Session 2008-09, Vol. 3: Oral and Written Evidence

By: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Committee

Incorporating HC 470-i-iii, 640-i-iii, 599-i-iii, 1064-i, 1202-i, 1194-i of session 2007-08

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452

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The Stationery Office

Published Date

ISBN 10

0215529340

ISBN 13

9780215529343

Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters

The Perspective from the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi: Summary of a Workshop

By: The National Academies,Disasters Roundtable,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters

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Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters

The Perspective from the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi: Summary of a Workshop

By: The National Academies,Disasters Roundtable,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters

Natural disasters are having an increasing effect on the lives of people in the United States and throughout the world. Every decade, property damage caused by natural disasters and hazards doubles or triples in the United States. More than half of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of a coast, and all Americans are at risk from such hazards as fires, earthquakes, floods, and wind. The year 2010 saw 950 natural catastrophes around the world-the second highest annual total ever-with overall losses estimated at $130 billion. The increasing impact of natural disasters and hazards points to increasing importance of resilience, the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, or more successfully adapt to actual or potential adverse events, at the individual , local, state, national, and global levels. Assessing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters reviews the effects of Hurricane Katrina and other natural and human-induced disasters on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Mississippi and to learn more about the resilience of those areas to future disasters. Topics explored in the workshop range from insurance, building codes, and critical infrastructure to private-sector issues, public health, nongovernmental organizations and governance. This workshop summary provides a rich foundation of information to help increase the nation's resilience through actionable recommendations and guidance on the best approaches to reduce adverse impacts from hazards and disasters.

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138

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309215277

ISBN 13

9780309215275

Disaster Resilience

A National Imperative

By: National Academies,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters

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Disaster Resilience

A National Imperative

By: National Academies,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters

No person or place is immune from disasters or disaster-related losses. Infectious disease outbreaks, acts of terrorism, social unrest, or financial disasters in addition to natural hazards can all lead to large-scale consequences for the nation and its communities. Communities and the nation thus face difficult fiscal, social, cultural, and environmental choices about the best ways to ensure basic security and quality of life against hazards, deliberate attacks, and disasters. Beyond the unquantifiable costs of injury and loss of life from disasters, statistics for 2011 alone indicate economic damages from natural disasters in the United States exceeded $55 billion, with 14 events costing more than a billion dollars in damages each. One way to reduce the impacts of disasters on the nation and its communities is to invest in enhancing resilience-the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative addresses the broad issue of increasing the nation's resilience to disasters. This book defines "national resilience", describes the state of knowledge about resilience to hazards and disasters, and frames the main issues related to increasing resilience in the United States. It also provide goals, baseline conditions, or performance metrics for national resilience and outlines additional information, data, gaps, and/or obstacles that need to be addressed to increase the nation's resilience to disasters. Additionally, the book's authoring committee makes recommendations about the necessary approaches to elevate national resilience to disasters in the United States. Enhanced resilience allows better anticipation of disasters and better planning to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward. Disaster Resilience confronts the topic of how to increase the nation's resilience to disasters through a vision of the characteristics of a resilient nation in the year 2030. Increasing disaster resilience is an imperative that requires the collective will of the nation and its communities. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in enhancing resilience will reduce many of the broad societal and economic burdens that disasters can cause.

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216

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309261538

ISBN 13

9780309261531

Balancing the National Interest

U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition

By: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Panel on the Impact of National Security Controls on International Technology Transfer

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Balancing the National Interest

U.S. National Security Export Controls and Global Economic Competition

The U.S. national security export controls systemâ€"which was instituted to impede Soviet acquisition of high technology from the Westâ€"is both necessary and appropriate. Balancing the National Interest provides a thorough analysis of this controls system, examining the current system of laws, regulations, international agreements, and organizations that control the international transfer of technology through industrial channels. Foreign Affairs calls it "the best on the subject to have been published in the 40 years that the United States has exercised controls on exports that might add to Soviet power.

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336

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309037387

ISBN 13

9780309037389

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