Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction's Books

Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction

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Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction

Reducing flood damage is a complex task that requires multidisciplinary understanding of the earth sciences and civil engineering. In addressing this task the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employs its expertise in hydrology, hydraulics, and geotechnical and structural engineering. Dams, levees, and other river-training works must be sized to local conditions; geotechnical theories and applications help ensure that structures will safely withstand potential hydraulic and seismic forces; and economic considerations must be balanced to ensure that reductions in flood damages are proportionate with project costs and associated impacts on social, economic, and environmental values. A new National Research Council report, Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies, reviews the Corps of Engineers' risk-based techniques in its flood damage reduction studies and makes recommendations for improving these techniques. Areas in which the Corps has made good progress are noted, and several steps that could improve the Corps' risk-based techniques in engineering and economics applications for flood damage reduction are identified. The report also includes recommendations for improving the federal levee certification program, for broadening the scope of flood damage reduction planning, and for improving communication of risk-based concepts.

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Page Count

217

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309071364

ISBN 13

9780309071369

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Improving Policies and Practices

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices

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Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Improving Policies and Practices

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices

The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA) manages the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which is a cornerstone in the U.S. strategy to assist communities to prepare for, mitigate against, and recover from flood disasters. The NFIP was established by Congress with passage of the National Flood Insurance Act in 1968, to help reduce future flood damages through NFIP community floodplain regulation that would control development in flood hazard areas, provide insurance for a premium to property owners, and reduce federal expenditures for disaster assistance. The flood insurance is available only to owners of insurable property located in communities that participate in the NFIP. Currently, the program has 5,555,915 million policies in 21,881 communities3 across the United States. The NFIP defines the one percent annual chance flood (100-year or base flood) floodplain as a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). The SFHA is delineated on FEMA's Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM's) using topographic, meteorologic, hydrologic, and hydraulic information. Property owners with a federally back mortgage within the SFHAs are required to purchase and retain flood insurance, called the mandatory flood insurance purchase requirement (MPR). Levees and floodwalls, hereafter referred to as levees, have been part of flood management in the United States since the late 1700's because they are relatively easy to build and a reasonable infrastructure investment. A levee is a man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment, designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices to contain, control, or divert the flow of water so as to provide protection from temporary flooding. A levee system is a flood protection system which consists of a levee, or levees, and associated structures, such as closure and drainage devices, which are constructed and operated in accordance with sound engineering practices. Recognizing the need for improving the NFIP's treatment of levees, FEMA officials approached the National Research Council's (NRC) Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB) and requested this study. The NRC responded by forming the ad hoc Committee on Levee and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices, charged to examine current FEMA treatment of levees within the NFIP and provide advice on how those levee-elated policies and activities could be improved. The study addressed four broad areas, risk analysis, flood insurance, risk reduction, and risk communication, regarding how levees are considered in the NFIP. Specific issues within these areas include current risk analysis and mapping procedures behind accredited and non-accredited levees, flood insurance pricing and the mandatory flood insurance purchase requirement, mitigation options to reduce risk for communities with levees, flood risk communication efforts, and the concept of shared responsibility. The principal conclusions and recommendations are highlighted in this report.

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275

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030928290X

ISBN 13

9780309282901

New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee to Assess the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Project Planning Procedures

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New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has long been one of the federal government's key agencies in planning the uses of the nation's waterways and water resources. Though responsible for a range of water-related programs, the Corps's two traditional programs have been flood damage reduction and navigation enhancement. The water resource needs of the nation, however, have for decades been shifting away from engineered control of watersheds toward restoration of ecosystem services and natural hydrologic variability. In response to these shifting needs, legislation was enacted in 1990 which initiated the Corps's involvement in ecological restoration, which is now on par with the Corps's traditional flood damage reduction and navigation roles. This book provides an analysis of the Corps's efforts in ecological restoration, and provides broader recommendations on how the corps might streamline their planning process. It also assesses the impacts of federal legislation on the Corps planning and projects, and provides recommendations on how relevant federal policies might be altered in order to improve Corps planning. Another important shift affecting the Corps has been federal cost-sharing arrangements (enacted in 1986), mandating greater financial participation in Corps water projects by local co-sponsors. The book describes how this has affected the Corps-sponsor relationship, and comments upon how each group must adjust to new planning and political realities.

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121

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309060974

ISBN 13

9780309060974

Analytical Methods and Approaches for Water Resources Project Planning

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Assess the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Methods of Analysis and Peer Review for Water Resources Project Planning,Panel on Methods and Techniques of Project Analysis

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Analytical Methods and Approaches for Water Resources Project Planning

Analytical Methods and Approaches for Water Resources Project Planningis part of a larger study that was conducted in response to a request from the U.S. Congress in the Water Resources Development Act of 2000 for the National Academy of Sciences to review the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's peer review methods and analytical approaches. This report reviews the Corps' analytical procedures and planning methods, largely in the context of the federal Economic and Environmental Principles and Guidelines for Water and Related Land Resources Implementation Studies, also known as the Principles and Guidelines or "P and G" (P&G), as well as the Corps' Planning Guidance Notebook (PGN).

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Page Count

165

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309166187

ISBN 13

9780309166188

Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

An Evaluation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Flood Control Alternatives in the American River Basin

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Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

An Evaluation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Flood Control Alternatives in the American River Basin

This book reviews the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' (USACE) investigations of flood control options for the American River basin and evaluates flood control feasibility studies for the watershed, with attention to the contingency assumptions, hydrologic methods, and other analyses supporting the flood control options. This book provides detailed comments on many technical issues, including a careful review of the 1991 National Research Council report American River Watershed Investigation, and looks beyond the Sacramento case to broader questions about the nation's approach to flood risk management. It discusses how to utilize information available about flood hazard reduction alternatives for the American River basin, the potential benefits provided by various alternatives, the impacts of alternatives on environmental resources and ecosystems, and the trade-offs inherent in any choice among alternatives which does not lie in the realm of scientists and engineers, but in the arena of public decisionmaking.

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250

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030905334X

ISBN 13

9780309053341

Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction

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Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction

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216

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309132894

ISBN 13

9780309132893

Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Risk-Based Methods for Insurance Premiums of Negatively Elevated Structures in the National Flood Insurance Program

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Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain

Floods take a heavy toll on society, costing lives, damaging buildings and property, disrupting livelihoods, and sometimes necessitating federal disaster relief, which has risen to record levels in recent years. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was created in 1968 to reduce the flood risk to individuals and their reliance on federal disaster relief by making federal flood insurance available to residents and businesses if their community adopted floodplain management ordinances and minimum standards for new construction in flood prone areas. Insurance rates for structures built after a flood plain map was adopted by the community were intended to reflect the actual risk of flooding, taking into account the likelihood of inundation, the elevation of the structure, and the relationship of inundation to damage to the structure. Today, rates are subsidized for one-fifth of the NFIP's 5.5 million policies. Most of these structures are negatively elevated, that is, the elevation of the lowest floor is lower than the NFIP construction standard. Compared to structures built above the base flood elevation, negatively elevated structures are more likely to incur a loss because they are inundated more frequently, and the depths and durations of inundation are greater. Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain studies the pricing of negatively elevated structures in the NFIP. This report review current NFIP methods for calculating risk-based premiums for these structures, including risk analysis, flood maps, and engineering data. The report then evaluates alternative approaches for calculating risk-based premiums and discusses engineering hydrologic and property assessment data needs to implement full risk-based premiums. The findings and conclusions of this report will help to improve the accuracy and precision of loss estimates for negatively elevated structures, which in turn will increase the credibility, fairness, and transparency of premiums for policyholders.

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Page Count

167

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309371694

ISBN 13

9780309371698

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Improving Policies and Practices

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices

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Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Improving Policies and Practices

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program: Improving Policies and Practices

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275

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309282934

ISBN 13

9780309282932

Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

An Evaluation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Flood Control Alternatives in the American River Basin

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Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

An Evaluation

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Flood Control Alternatives in the American River Basin

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250

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030905334X

ISBN 13

9780309053341

A Community-Based Flood Insurance Option

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Community-Based Flood Insurance Options

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A Community-Based Flood Insurance Option

River and coastal floods are among the nation's most costly natural disasters. One component in the nation's approach to managing flood risk is availability of flood insurance policies, which are offered on an individual basis primarily through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Established in 1968, the NFIP is overseen by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and there are about 5.4 million individual policies in the NFIP. The program has experienced a mixture of successes and persistent challenges. Successes include a large number of policy holders, the insurance of approximately $1.3 trillion of property, and the fact that the large majority of policy holders - 80% - pay rates that are risk based. NFIP challenges include large program debt, relatively low rates of purchase in many flood-prone areas, a host of issues regarding affordability of premiums, ensuring that premiums collected cover payouts and administrative fees, and a large number of properties that experience severe repetitive flood losses. At the request of FEMA, A Community-Based Flood Insurance Option identifies a range of key issues and questions that would merit consideration and further analysis as part of a community-based flood insurance program. As the report describes, the community-based option certainly offers potential benefits, such as the prospect of providing coverage for all (or nearly all) at-risk residents and properties in flood-prone communities. At the same time, many current challenges facing the NFIP may not necessarily be resolved by a community-based approach. This report discusses these and other prominent issues to be considered and further assessed.

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141

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309374715

ISBN 13

9780309374712

Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Report 1

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

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Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Report 1

The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is housed within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and offers insurance policies that are marketed and sold through private insurers, but with the risks borne by the U.S. federal government. NFIP's primary goals are to ensure affordable insurance premiums, secure widespread community participation in the program, and earn premium and fee income that covers claims paid and program expenses over time. In July 2012, the U.S. Congress passed the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform and Modernization Act (Biggert-Waters 2012), designed to move toward an insurance program with NFIP risk-based premiums that better reflected expected losses from floods at insured properties. This eliminated policies priced at what the NFIP called "pre-FIRM subsidized" and "grandfathered." As Biggert-Waters 2012 went into effect, constituents from multiple communities expressed concerns about the elimination of lower rate classes, arguing that it created a financial burden on policy holders. In response to these concerns Congress passed The Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (HFIAA 2014). The 2014 legislation changed the process by which pre-FIRM subsidized premiums for primary residences would be removed and reinstated grandfathering. As part of that legislation, FEMA must report back to Congress with a draft affordability framework. Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums: Report 1 is the first part of a two-part study to provide input as FEMA prepares their draft affordability framework. This report discusses the underlying definitions and methods for an affordability framework and the affordability concept and applications. Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums gives an overview of the demand for insurance and the history of the NFIP premium setting. The report then describes alternatives for determining when the premium increases resulting from Biggert-Waters 2012 would make flood insurance unaffordable.

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232

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309371287

ISBN 13

9780309371285

Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Report 2

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

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Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Report 2

When Congress authorized the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in 1968, it intended for the program to encourage community initiatives in flood risk management, charge insurance premiums consistent with actuarial pricing principles, and encourage the purchase of flood insurance by owners of flood prone properties, in part, by offering affordable premiums. The NFIP has been reauthorized many times since 1968, most recently with the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW 2012). In this most recent reauthorization, Congress placed a particular emphasis on setting flood insurance premiums following actuarial pricing principles, which was motivated by a desire to ensure future revenues were adequate to pay claims and administrative expenses. BW 2012 was designed to move the NFIP towards risk-based premiums for all flood insurance policies. The result was to be increased premiums for some policyholders that had been paying less than NFIP risk-based premiums and to possibly increase premiums for all policyholders. Recognition of this possibility and concern for the affordability of flood insurance is reflected in sections of the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (HFIAA 2014). These sections called on FEMA to propose a draft affordability framework for the NFIP after completing an analysis of the efforts of possible programs for offering "means-tested assistance" to policyholders for whom higher rates may not be affordable. BW 2012 and HFIAA 2014 mandated that FEMA conduct a study, in cooperation with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, which would compare the costs of a program of risk-based rates and means-tested assistance to the current system of subsidized flood insurance rates and federally funded disaster relief for people without coverage. Production of two reports was agreed upon to fulfill this mandate. This second report proposes alternative approaches for a national evaluation of affordability program policy options and includes lessons for the design of a national study from a proof-of-concept pilot study.

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Page Count

151

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309380774

ISBN 13

9780309380775

New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

By: Committee to Assess the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Project Planning Procedures,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

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121

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309570050

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9780309570053

Book's by Committee on Risk-Based Analysis for Flood Damage Reduction

Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Analytical Methods and Approaches for Water Resources Project Planning

Analytical Methods and Approaches for Water Resources Project Planning

Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies

Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain

Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Levees and the National Flood Insurance Program

Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

Flood Risk Management and the American River Basin

A Community-Based Flood Insurance Option

A Community-Based Flood Insurance Option

Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums

New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

New Directions in Water Resources Planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

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