Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution's Books

Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution

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Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution

The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.

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Page Count

611

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309125391

ISBN 13

9780309125390

Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Assessing Numeric Limits for Living Organisms in Ballast Water

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Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Assessing Numeric Limits for Living Organisms in Ballast Water

The human-mediated introduction of species to regions of the world they could never reach by natural means has had great impacts on the environment, the economy, and society. In the ocean, these invasions have long been mediated by the uptake and subsequent release of ballast water in ocean-going vessels. Increasing world trade and a concomitantly growing global shipping fleet composed of larger and faster vessels, combined with a series of prominent ballast-mediated invasions over the past two decades, have prompted active national and international interest in ballast water management. Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water informs the regulation of ballast water by helping the Environnmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) better understand the relationship between the concentration of living organisms in ballast water discharges and the probability of nonindigenous organisms successfully establishing populations in U.S. waters. The report evaluates the risk-release relationship in the context of differing environmental and ecological conditions,including estuarine and freshwater systems as well as the waters of the three-mile territorial sea. It recommends how various approaches can be used by regulatory agencies to best inform risk management decisions on the allowable concentrations of living organisms in discharged ballast water in order to safeguard against the establishment of new aquatic nonindigenous species, and to protect and preserve existing indigenous populations of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and other beneficial uses of the nation's waters. Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water provides valuable information that can be used by federal agencies, such as the EPA, policy makers, environmental scientists, and researchers.

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156

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309215625

ISBN 13

9780309215626

Review of the EPA's Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review EPA's Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida

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Review of the EPA's Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida

The Environmental Protection Agency's estimate of the costs associated with implementing numeric nutrient criteria in Florida's waterways was significantly lower than many stakeholders expected. This discrepancy was due, in part, to the fact that the Environmental Protection Agency's analysis considered only the incremental cost of reducing nutrients in waters it considered "newly impaired" as a result of the new criteria-not the total cost of improving water quality in Florida. The incremental approach is appropriate for this type of assessment, but the Environmental Protection Agency's cost analysis would have been more accurate if it better described the differences between the new numeric criteria rule and the narrative rule it would replace, and how the differences affect the costs of implementing nutrient reductions over time, instead of at a fixed time point. Such an analysis would have more accurately described which pollutant sources, for example municipal wastewater treatment plants or agricultural operations, would bear the costs over time under the different rules and would have better illuminated the uncertainties in making such cost estimates.

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142

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309254965

ISBN 13

9780309254960

Review of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

Report 3

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

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Review of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

Report 3

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

The Edwards Aquifer in south-central Texas is the primary source of water for one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, San Antonio, and it also supplies irrigation water to thousands of farmers and livestock operators. It is also the source water for several springs and rivers, including the two largest freshwater springs in Texas that form the San Marcos and Comal Rivers. The unique habitat afforded by these spring-fed rivers has led to the development of species that are found in no other locations on Earth. Due to the potential for variations in spring flow caused by both human and natural causes, these species are continuously at risk and have been recognized as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). In an effort to manage the river systems and the aquifer that controls them, the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA) and stakeholders have developed a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP). The HCP seeks to effectively manage the river-aquifer system to ensure the viability of the ESA-listed species in the face of drought, population growth, and other threats to the aquifer. This report is the third and final product of a three-phase study to provide advice to the EAA on various aspects of the HCP that will ultimately lead to improved management of the Edwards Aquifer. This final report focuses on the biological goals and objectives found in the HCP for each of the listed species.

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191

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309481945

ISBN 13

9780309481946

Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study

Report 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study

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Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study

Report 1

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study

The St. Johns River is the longest river in Florida, containing extensive freshwater wetlands, numerous large lakes, a wide estuarine channel, and a correspondingly diverse array of native flora and fauna. Water resource management in the river's watershed is the responsibility of the St. Johns River Water Management District (the District). The District must provide water for the region's 4.4 million residents as well as numerous industrial and agricultural users, all while protecting natural systems within the river basin. With population growth in the watershed expected to surpass 7.2 million in 2030, the District, through its water resources planning process, has begun to identify alternative sources of water beyond its traditional groundwater sources, including the potential withdrawal of 262 million gallons per day from the St. Johns River. To more comprehensively evaluate the environmental impacts of withdrawing this water from the river, the District embarked on a two-year Water Supply Impact Study (WSIS), and requested the involvement of the National Research Council. The present volume reviews the Phase I work of the WSIS and provides recommendations for improving Phase II.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309144817

ISBN 13

9780309144810

Management of Legionella in Water Systems

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Board on Life Sciences,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Management of Legionella in Water Systems

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Management of Legionella in Water Systems

Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.

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291

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030949382X

ISBN 13

9780309493826

Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Future Options for Management in the Nation's Subsurface Remediation Effort

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Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Future Options for Management in the Nation's Subsurface Remediation Effort

Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs.

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423

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309278740

ISBN 13

9780309278744

Review of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection Operations Support Tool for Water Supply

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the New York City Department of Environmental Protection Operations Support Tool for Water Supply

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Review of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection Operations Support Tool for Water Supply

New York City's water supply system is one of the oldest, largest, and most complex in the nation. It delivers more than 1.1 billion gallons of water each day from three upstate watersheds (Croton, Catskill, and Delaware) to meet the needs of more than eight million people in the City, one million people in Westchester, Putnam, Orange, and Ulster counties, and millions of commuters and tourists who visit the City throughout the year. The Catskill and Delaware portions, which make up about 90 percent of the supply, receive no filtration or treatment other than disinfection, except for rare instances of high turbidity when a coagulant is added to increase deposition of suspended solids. The remaining 10 percent of the supply comes from the Croton watershed and receives treatment via filtration. The drinking water supply is managed by the Bureau of Water Supply within the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP). To continue to avoid filtration of the Catskill/Delaware portion of the water supply, in 2007, NYC DEP reexamined its control of turbidity in the Catskill portion of the water supply, including both structural improvements to the system and operational changes. The Operations Support Tool (OST) was developed as part of these efforts. OST couples models of reservoir operations and water quality; it uses real-time data on streamflow, snow pack, water quality, reservoir levels, diversions, and releases; and it incorporates streamflow forecastsâ€"all in order to predict future reservoir levels, water delivery to customers, and water quality within the system. These predictions inform the system operators, who then make decisions based on the most current data and forecasts. This report reviews the use of OST in current and future reservoir operations. It considers potential ways in which the City can more effectively use OST, makes recommendations for additional performance measures, and reviews the potential effects of climate change on the City's water supply to help identify and enhance understanding of areas of potential future concern with regard to the use of OST.

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215

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309482798

ISBN 13

9780309482790

Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Protection Program

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Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Protection Program

New York City's municipal water supply system provides about 1 billion gallons of drinking water a day to over 8.5 million people in New York City and about 1 million people living in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange counties. The combined water supply system includes 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes with a total storage capacity of approximately 580 billion gallons. The city's Watershed Protection Program is intended to maintain and enhance the high quality of these surface water sources. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program assesses the efficacy and future of New York City's watershed management activities. The report identifies program areas that may require future change or action, including continued efforts to address turbidity and responding to changes in reservoir water quality as a result of climate change.

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423

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309679672

ISBN 13

9780309679671

Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

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Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

New research opportunities to advance hydrologic sciences promise a better understanding of the role of water in the Earth system that could help improve human welfare and the health of the environment. Reaching this understanding will require both exploratory research to better understand how the natural environment functions, and problem-driven research, to meet needs such as flood protection, supply of drinking water, irrigation, and water pollution. Collaboration among hydrologists, engineers, and scientists in other disciplines will be central to meeting the interdisciplinary research challenges outline in this report. New technological capabilities in remote sensing, chemical analysis, computation, and hydrologic modeling will help scientists leverage new research opportunities.

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200

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309222834

ISBN 13

9780309222839

Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

By: Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution,National Research Council

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Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

By: Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution,National Research Council

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587

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309134455

ISBN 13

9780309134453

Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies

An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on the Beneficial Use of Graywater and Stormwater: An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits

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Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies

An Assessment of Risks, Costs, and Benefits

Chronic and episodic water shortages are becoming common in many regions of the United States, and population growth in water-scarce regions further compounds the challenges. Increasingly, alternative water sources such as graywater-untreated wastewater that does not include water from the toilet but generally includes water from bathroom sinks, showers, bathtubs, clothes washers, and laundry sinks- and stormwater-water from rainfall or snow that can be measured downstream in a pipe, culvert, or stream shortly after the precipitation event-are being viewed as resources to supplement scarce water supplies rather than as waste to be discharged as rapidly as possible. Graywater and stormwater can serve a range of non-potable uses, including irrigation, toilet flushing, washing, and cooling, although treatment may be needed. Stormwater may also be used to recharge groundwater, which may ultimately be tapped for potable use. In addition to providing additional sources of local water supply, harvesting stormwater has many potential benefits, including energy savings, pollution prevention, and reducing the impacts of urban development on urban streams. Similarly, the reuse of graywater can enhance water supply reliability and extend the capacity of existing wastewater systems in growing cities. Despite the benefits of using local alternative water sources to address water demands, many questions remain that have limited the broader application of graywater and stormwater capture and use. In particular, limited information is available on the costs, benefits, and risks of these projects, and beyond the simplest applications many state and local public health agencies have not developed regulatory frameworks for full use of these local water resources. To address these issues, Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies analyzes the risks, costs, and benefits on various uses of graywater and stormwater. This report examines technical, economic, regulatory, and social issues associated with graywater and stormwater capture for a range of uses, including non-potable urban uses, irrigation, and groundwater recharge. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies considers the quality and suitability of water for reuse, treatment and storage technologies, and human health and environmental risks of water reuse. The findings and recommendations of this report will be valuable for water managers, citizens of states under a current drought, and local and state health and environmental agencies.

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224

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030938835X

ISBN 13

9780309388351

Improving the EPA Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Stormwater Discharges

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Improving the Next-Generation EPA Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Stormwater Discharges

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Improving the EPA Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Stormwater Discharges

Industrial stormwater is derived from precipitation and/or runoff that comes in contact with industrial manufacturing, processing, storage, or material overburden and then runs offsite and enters drainage systems or receiving waters. In 1987, Congress significantly expanded the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program through amendments to the Clean Water Act to include industrial stormwater runoff conveyed through outfalls directly to receiving waters or indirectly through municipal separate storm sewer systems. The added regulation of stormwater in the NPDES program has been challenging. Stormwater is produced throughout a developed landscape, and its production and delivery are episodic. In 2009, the National Research Council released a comprehensive report on the Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Program that covered all sectors of the program. This study builds on that report, with a focus on industrial stormwater monitoring and management.

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169

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309488494

ISBN 13

9780309488495

Regional Cooperation for Water Quality Improvement in Southwestern Pennsylvania

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Water Quality Improvement for the Pittsburgh Region

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Regional Cooperation for Water Quality Improvement in Southwestern Pennsylvania

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Water Science and Technology Board,Committee on Water Quality Improvement for the Pittsburgh Region

The city of Pittsburgh and surrounding area of southwestern Pennsylvania face complex water quality problems, due in large part to aging wastewater infrastructures that cannot handle sewer overflows and stormwater runoff, especially during wet weather. Other problems such as acid mine drainage are a legacy of the region's past coal mining, heavy industry, and manufacturing economy. Currently, water planning and management in southwestern Pennsylvania is highly fragmented; federal and state governments, 11 counties, hundreds of municipalities, and other entities all play roles, but with little coordination or cooperation. The report finds that a comprehensive, watershed-based approach is needed to effectively meet water quality standards throughout the region in the most cost-effective manner. The report outlines both technical and institutional alternatives to consider in the development and implementation of such an approach.

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294

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309095247

ISBN 13

9780309095242

Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Ground Water Recharge

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Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Ground Water Recharge

As demand for water increases, water managers and planners will need to look widely for ways to improve water management and augment water supplies. This book concludes that artificial recharge can be one option in an integrated strategy to optimize total water resource management and that in some cases impaired-quality water can be used effectively as a source for artificial recharge of ground water aquifers. Source water quality characteristics, pretreatment and recharge technologies, transformations during transport through the soil and aquifer, public health issues, economic feasibility, and legal and institutional considerations are addressed. The book evaluates three main types of impaired quality water sourcesâ€"treated municipal wastewater, stormwater runoff, and irrigation return flowâ€"and describes which is the most consistent in terms of quality and quantity. Also included are descriptions of seven recharge projects.

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Page Count

300

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309051428

ISBN 13

9780309051422

Book's by Committee on Reducing Stormwater Discharge Contributions to Water Pollution

Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water

Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water

Review of the EPA's Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida

Review of the EPA's Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida

Review of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

Review of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan

Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study

Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study

Management of Legionella in Water Systems

Management of Legionella in Water Systems

Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites

Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites

Review of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection Operations Support Tool for Water Supply

Review of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection Operations Support Tool for Water Supply

Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program

Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program

Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

Challenges and Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences

Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

Urban Stormwater Management in the United States

Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies

Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies

Improving the EPA Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Stormwater Discharges

Improving the EPA Multi-Sector General Permit for Industrial Stormwater Discharges

Regional Cooperation for Water Quality Improvement in Southwestern Pennsylvania

Regional Cooperation for Water Quality Improvement in Southwestern Pennsylvania

Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality

Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality

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