Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals's Books

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals

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Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals

For the 119 species of marine mammals, as well as for some other aquatic animals, sound is the primary means of learning about the environment and of communicating, navigating, and foraging. The possibility that human-generated noise could harm marine mammals or significantly interfere with their normal activities is an issue of increasing concern. Noise and its potential impacts have been regulated since the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Public awareness of the issue escalated in 1990s when researchers began using high-intensity sound to measure ocean climate changes. More recently, the stranding of beaked whales in proximity to Navy sonar use has again put the issue in the spotlight. Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals reviews sources of noise in the ocean environment, what is known of the responses of marine mammals to acoustic disturbance, and what models exist for describing ocean noise and marine mammal responses. Recommendations are made for future data gathering efforts, studies of marine mammal behavior and physiology, and modeling efforts necessary to determine what the long- and short-term impacts of ocean noise on marine mammals.

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221

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309085365

ISBN 13

9780309085366

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals

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Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals

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221

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309085365

ISBN 13

9780309085366

Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on the Assessment of the Cumulative Effects of Anthropogenic Stressors on Marine Mammals

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Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals

Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives.

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147

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309440513

ISBN 13

9780309440516

Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare

Abbreviated Version

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Naval Studies Board,Committee on Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare

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Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare

Abbreviated Version

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Naval Studies Board,Committee on Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare

The widespread availability of quiet, diesel electric submarines and inexpensive mines is posing a growing threat to global access by the U.S. Navy. In response, the Navy has expanded its undersea warfare efforts and put particular emphasis on the potential for new distributed remote sensing (DRS) approaches. To assist with this effort, the former Chief of Naval Operations requested the NRC to conduct an assessment of DRS for naval undersea warfare. This report provides a clear, near-term path by which useful DRS systems can be applied rapidly to pressing naval USW problems, and by which ongoing science and technology efforts can be directed toward the most useful options. The report contains information as described in 5 U.S.C. 552(b) and therefore could not be released to the public in its entirety. The public version consists of the front matter and executive summary.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309101808

ISBN 13

9780309101806

Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals

Current Knowledge and Research Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals

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Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals

Current Knowledge and Research Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals

This volume reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of low-frequency sound on marine mammals and makes recommendations for research. In addition, the book describes current federal regulations prescribed under the Marine Mammal Protection Act that govern the taking of marine mammals by scientific research activities, and it recommends changes to expedite the regulatory process dealing with scientific research activities.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309050251

ISBN 13

9780309050258

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

Progress Since 1994

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Ocean Studies Board,Committee to Review Results of ATOC's Marine Mammal Research Program

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Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

Progress Since 1994

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Ocean Studies Board,Committee to Review Results of ATOC's Marine Mammal Research Program

Sound has become a major tool for studying the ocean. Although the ocean is relatively opaque to light, it is relatively transparent to sound. Sound having frequencies below 1,000 Hertz (Hz) is often defined as low-frequency sound. The speed of sound is proportional to the temperature of the water through which it passes. Therefore, sound speed can be used to infer the average temperature of the water volume through which sound waves have passed. The relationship between water temperature and the speed of sound is the basis for the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment. The ATOC experiment is designed to monitor the travel time of sound between sources off the coasts of Hawaii and California and several receivers around the Pacific Ocean in order to detect trends in ocean temperature and for other research and monitoring purposes. Some whales, seals, and fish use low-frequency sound to communicate and to sense their environments. For example, baleen whales and some toothed whales are known to use and respond to low-frequency sound emitted by other individuals of their species. Sharks are not known to produce low-frequency sound but are attracted to pulsed low-frequency sounds. Therefore, it is possible that human-generated low-frequency sound could interfere with the natural behavior of whales, sharks, and some other marine animals. Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound is an updated review of the National Research Council 1994 report Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs, based on data obtained from the MMRP and results of any other relevant research, including ONR's research program in low-frequency sound and marine mammals. This report compares new data with the research needs specified in the 1994 NRC report, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the data for answering important outstanding questions about marine mammal responses to low-frequency sound and identifies areas where gaps in our knowledge continue to exist.

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159

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030906886X

ISBN 13

9780309068864

National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Naval Studies Board,Committee on National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces

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National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Naval Studies Board,Committee on National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces

In response to the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), the National Research Council appointed a committee operating under the auspices of the Naval Studies Board to study the national security implications of climate change for U.S. naval forces. In conducting this study, the committee found that even the most moderate current trends in climate, if continued, will present new national security challenges for the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. While the timing, degree, and consequences of future climate change impacts remain uncertain, many changes are already underway in regions around the world, such as in the Arctic, and call for action by U.S. naval leadership in response. The terms of reference (TOR) directed that the study be based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios and other peer-reviewed assessment. Therefore, the committee did not address the science of climate change or challenge the scenarios on which the committee's findings and recommendations are based. National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces addresses both the near- and long-term implications for U.S. naval forces in each of the four areas of the TOR, and provides corresponding findings and recommendations. This report and its conclusions are organized around six discussion areas-all presented within the context of a changing climate.

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190

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309215919

ISBN 13

9780309215916

Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope

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Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope

This book identifies accumulated environmental, social and economic effects of oil and gas leasing, exploration, and production on Alaska's North Slope. Economic benefits to the region have been accompanied by effects of the roads, infrastructure and activies of oil and gas production on the terrain, plants, animals and peoples of the North Slope. While attempts by the oil industry and regulatory agencies have reduced many of the environmental effects, they have not been eliminated. The book makes recommendations for further environmental research related to environmental effects.

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305

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309168368

ISBN 13

9780309168366

Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise

Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Characterizing Biologically Significant Marine Mammal Behavior

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Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise

Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on Characterizing Biologically Significant Marine Mammal Behavior

Attention has been drawn to the subject of how ocean noise affects marine mammals by a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, and legislative hearings, and most recently, the report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. One way to assess the impact of ocean noise is to consider whether it causes changes in animal behavior that are "biologically significant," that is, those that affect an animal's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. This report offers a conceptual model designed to clarify which marine mammal behaviors are biologically significant for conservation purposes. The report is intended to help scientists and policymakers interpret provisions of the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act.

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143

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309094496

ISBN 13

9780309094498

Environmental Information for Naval Warfare

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,National Academy of Engineering,Committee on Environmental Information for Naval Use

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Environmental Information for Naval Warfare

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,National Academy of Engineering,Committee on Environmental Information for Naval Use

Accurate and timely environmental information can provide a tactical advantage to U.S. naval forces during warfare. This report analyzes the current environmental information system used by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps and recommends ways to address uncertainty and leverage network-centric operating principles to enhance the value of environmental information.

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218

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309168430

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9780309168434

Scientific Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on the Evaluation of the Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit DEIS and Peer Review

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Scientific Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Committee on the Evaluation of the Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit DEIS and Peer Review

In May 2012, the National Park Service (NPS) asked the National Research Council to conduct a scientific review of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) to evaluate the effects of issuing a Special Use Permit for the commercial shellfish operation in Drakes Estero for a ten year time span. Drakes Bay Oyster Company (DBOC) currently operates the shellfish farm in Drakes Estero, part of Point Reyes National Seashore, under a reservation of use and occupancy that will expire on November 30, 2012 if a new Special Use Permit is not issued. Congress granted the Secretary of the Interior the discretionary authority to issue a new ten year Special Use Permit in 2009; hence, the Secretary now has the option to proceed with or delay the conversion of Drakes Estero to wilderness. To inform this decision, the NPS drafted an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the DBOC Special Use Permit. Under the National Environmental policy Act (NEPA), as EIS is prepared to inform the public and agency decision-makers regarding the potential environmental impacts of a proposed federal action and reasonable alternatives. The Department of the Interior commissioned a peer review of the DEIS that was released in March 2012. Scientific Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit reviews the scientific information presented in the DEIS that is used to determine the potential environmental impacts of a ten year extension of DBOC operations. In particular, this report responds to the following tasks given to the committee: assess the scientific information, analysis, and conclusions presented in the DEIS for Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit, and evaluate whether the peer review of the DEIS is fundamentally sound and materially sufficient. Scientific Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Drakes Bay Oyster Company Special Use Permit focuses on eight of twelve resource categories considered in the DEIS: wetlands, eelgrass, wildlife and wildlife habitat, special-status species, coastal flood zones, soundscapes, water quality, and socioeconomic resources.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030926166X

ISBN 13

9780309261661

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

II. Ecology

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program,Ecology Panel

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Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

II. Ecology

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program reviews the ecological studies done by the Environmental Studies Program of the Minerals Management Service. This program, which has spent $10 million a year on ecological studies in recent years, is designed to provide information to predict and manage the environmental effects of outer continental shelf oil and gas activities. The book considers studies on marine mammals and endangered species, birds, benthic organisms, fisheries, and marine ecosystems and makes recommendations for future studies.

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163

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045983

ISBN 13

9780309045988

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

Progress Since 1994

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Ocean Studies Board,Committee to Review Results of ATOC's Marine Mammal Research Program

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Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

Progress Since 1994

By: National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Ocean Studies Board,Committee to Review Results of ATOC's Marine Mammal Research Program

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Page Count

158

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309172306

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9780309172301

Book's by Committee on Potential Impacts of Ambient Noise in the Ocean on Marine Mammals

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals

Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals

Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals

Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare

Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare

Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals

Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces

National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces

Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope

Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope

Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise

Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise

Environmental Information for Naval Warfare

Environmental Information for Naval Warfare

Scientific Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Scientific Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound

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