Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications's Books

Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

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Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

Advances and major investments in the field of neuroscience can enhance traditional behavioral science approaches to training, learning, and other applications of value to the Army. Neural-behavioral indicators offer new ways to evaluate how well an individual trainee has assimilated mission critical knowledge and skills, and can also be used to provide feedback on the readiness of soldiers for combat. Current methods for matching individual capabilities with the requirements for performing high-value Army assignments do not include neuropsychological, psychophysiological, neurochemical or neurogenetic components; simple neuropsychological testing could greatly improve training success rates for these assignments. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications makes 17 recommendations that focus on utilizing current scientific research and development initiatives to improve performance and efficiency, collaborating with pharmaceutical companies to employ neuropharmaceuticals for general sustainment or enhancement of soldier performance, and improving cognitive and behavioral performance using interdisciplinary approaches and technological investments. An essential guide for the Army, this book will also be of interest to other branches of military, national security and intelligence agencies, academic and commercial researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and others interested in applying the rapid advances in neuroscience to the performance of individual and group tasks.

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136

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309140471

ISBN 13

9780309140478

Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

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Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309127408

ISBN 13

9780309127400

Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields

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Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields

The U.S. military does not believe its soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines should be engaged in combat with adversaries on a "level playing field." Our combat individuals enter engagements to win. To that end, the United States has used its technical prowess and industrial capability to develop decisive weapons that overmatch those of potential enemies. In its current engagement-what has been identified as an "era of persistent conflict"- the nation's most important weapon is the dismounted soldier operating in small units. Today's soldier must be prepared to contend with both regular and irregular adversaries. Results in Iraq and Afghanistan show that, while the U.S. soldier is a formidable fighter, the contemporary suite of equipment and support does not afford the same high degree of overmatch capability exhibited by large weapons platforms-yet it is the soldier who ultimately will play the decisive role in restoring stability. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields establishes the technical requirements for overmatch capability for dismounted soldiers operating individually or in small units. It prescribes technological and organizational capabilities needed to make the dismounted soldier a decisive weapon in a changing, uncertain, and complex future environment and provides the Army with 15 recommendations on how to focus its efforts to enable the soldier and tactical small unit (TSU) to achieve overmatch.

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256

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309284562

ISBN 13

9780309284561

Measuring Human Capabilities

An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on Measuring Human Capabilities: Performance Potential of Individuals and Collectives

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Measuring Human Capabilities

An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession

Every year, the U.S. Army must select from an applicant pool in the hundreds of thousands to meet annual enlistment targets, currently numbering in the tens of thousands of new soldiers. A critical component of the selection process for enlisted service members is the formal assessments administered to applicants to determine their performance potential. Attrition for the U.S. military is hugely expensive. Every recruit that does not make it through basic training or beyond a first enlistment costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. Academic and other professional settings suffer similar losses when the wrong individuals are accepted into the wrong schools and programs or jobs and companies. Picking the right people from the start is becoming increasingly important in today's economy and in response to the growing numbers of applicants. Beyond cognitive tests of ability, what other attributes should selectors be considering to know whether an individual has the talent and the capability to perform as well as the mental and psychological drive to succeed? Measuring Human Capabilities: An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession examines promising emerging theoretical, technological, and statistical advances that could provide scientifically valid new approaches and measurement capabilities to assess human capability. This report considers the basic research necessary to maximize the efficiency, accuracy, and effective use of human capability measures in the military's selection and initial occupational assignment process. The research recommendations of Measuring Human Capabilities will identify ways to supplement the Army's enlisted soldier accession system with additional predictors of individual and collective performance. Although the primary audience for this report is the U.S. military, this book will be of interest to researchers of psychometrics, personnel selection and testing, team dynamics, cognitive ability, and measurement methods and technologies. Professionals interested in of the foundational science behind academic testing, job selection, and human resources management will also find this report of interest.

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253

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309317207

ISBN 13

9780309317207

Field Evaluation in the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Context

Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Planning Committee on Field Evaluation of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences-Based Methods and Tools for Intelligence and Counterintelligence

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Field Evaluation in the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Context

Workshop Summary

On September 22-23, 2009, the National Research Council held a workshop on the field evaluation of behavioral and cognitive sciences-based methods and tools for use in the areas of intelligence and counterintelligence. Broadly speaking, the purpose of the workshop was to discuss the best ways to take methods and tools from behavioral science and apply them to work in intelligence operations. More specifically, the workshop focused on the issue of field evaluation-the testing of these methods and tools in the context in which they will be used in order to determine if they are effective in real-world settings. This book is a summary and synthesis of the two days of presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The workshop participants included invited speakers and experts from a number of areas related to the behavioral sciences and the intelligence community. The discussions covered such ground as the obstacles to field evaluation of behavioral science tools and methods, the importance of field evaluation, and various lessons learned from experience with field evaluation in other areas.

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115

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309152666

ISBN 13

9780309152662

Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications

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Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications

This report surveys opportunities for future Army applications in biotechnology, including sensors, electronics and computers, materials, logistics, and medical therapeutics, by matching commercial trends and developments with enduring Army requirements. Several biotechnology areas are identified as important for the Army to exploit, either by direct funding of research or by indirect influence of commercial sources, to achieve significant gains in combat effectiveness before 2025.

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118

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309170737

ISBN 13

9780309170734

Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologiesâ¬"Report 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies

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Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologiesâ¬"Report 2

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies

The term "disruptive technology" describes a technology that results in a sudden change affecting already established technologies or markets. Disruptive technologies cause one or more discontinuities in the normal evolutionary life cycle of technology. This may lead to an unexpected destabilization of an older technology order and an opportunity for new competitors to displace incumbents. Frequently cited examples include digital photography and desktop publishing. The first report of the series, Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies, discussed how technology forecasts were historically made, assessed various existing forecasting systems, and identified desirable attributes of a next-generation persistent long-term forecasting system for disruptive technologies. This second book attempts to sketch out high-level forecasting system designs. In addition, the book provides further evaluation of the system attributes defined in the first report, and evidence of the feasibility of creating a system with those attributes. Together, the reports are intended to help the Department of Defense and the intelligence community identify and develop a forecasting system that will assist in detecting and tracking global technology trends, producing persistent long-term forecasts of disruptive technologies, and characterizing their potential impact on future U.S. warfighting and homeland defense capabilities.

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341

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309157455

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9780309157452

Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

By: International Union of Microbiological Societies,International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,IAPâ¬"The Global Network of Science Academies,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention: An International Workshop

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Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

During the last decade, national and international scientific organizations have become increasingly engaged in considering how to respond to the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and in assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to biological and chemical weapons nonproliferation. The latest example is an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Life Sciences and Related Fields summarizes the workshop, plenary, and breakout discussion sessions held during this convention. Given the immense diversity of current research and development, the report is only able to provide an overview of the areas of science and technology the committee believes are potentially relevant to the future of the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC), although there is an effort to identify areas that seemed particularly ripe for further exploration and analysis. The report offers findings and conclusions organized around three fundamental and frequently cited trends in S&T that affect the scope and operation of the convention: The rapid pace of change in the life sciences and related fields; The increasing diffusion of life sciences research capacity and its applications, both internationally and beyond traditional research institutions; and The extent to which additional scientific and technical disciplines beyond biology are increasingly involved in life sciences research. The report does not make recommendations about policy options to respond to the implications of the identified trends. The choice of such responses rests with the 164 States Parties to the Convention, who must take into account multiple factors beyond the project's focus on the state of the science.

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164

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309210712

ISBN 13

9780309210713

A Decadal Survey of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

A Research Agenda for Advancing Intelligence Analysis

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on a Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security

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A Decadal Survey of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

A Research Agenda for Advancing Intelligence Analysis

The primary function of the intelligence analyst is to make sense of information about the world, but the way analysts do that work will look profoundly different a decade from now. Technological changes will bring both new advances in conducting analysis and new risks related to technologically based activities and communications around the world. Because these changes are virtually inevitable, the Intelligence Community will need to make sustained collaboration with researchers in the social and behavioral sciences (SBS) a key priority if it is to adapt to these changes in the most productive ways. A Decadal Survey Of The Social and Behavioral Sciences provides guidance for a 10-year research agenda. This report identifies key opportunities in SBS research for strengthening intelligence analysis and offers ideas for integrating the knowledge and perspectives of researchers from these fields into the planning and design of efforts to support intelligence analysis.

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401

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309487617

ISBN 13

9780309487610

Nutrition and Traumatic Brain Injury

Improving Acute and Subacute Health Outcomes in Military Personnel

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Nutrition, Trauma, and the Brain

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Nutrition and Traumatic Brain Injury

Improving Acute and Subacute Health Outcomes in Military Personnel

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Nutrition, Trauma, and the Brain

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for up to one-third of combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to some estimates. TBI is also a major problem among civilians, especially those who engage in certain sports. At the request of the Department of Defense, the IOM examined the potential role of nutrition in the treatment of and resilience against TBI.

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444

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309210089

ISBN 13

9780309210089

Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Naval Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders

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Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Naval Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders

For the past decade, the U.S. Marine Corps and its sister services have been engaged in what has been termed "hybrid warfare," which ranges from active combat to civilian support. Hybrid warfare typically occurs in environments where all modes of war are employed, such as conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism, disruptive technologies, and criminality to destabilize an existing order. In August 2010, the National Research Council established the Committee on Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders to produce Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders. This report examines the operational environment, existing abilities, and gap to include data, technology, skill sets, training, and measures of effectiveness for small unit leaders in conducting enhanced company operations (ECOs) in hybrid engagement, complex environments. Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders also determines how to understand the decision making calculus and indicators of adversaries. Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders recommends operational and technical approaches for improving the decision making abilities of small unit leaders, including any acquisition and experimentation efforts that can be undertaken by the Marine Corps and/or by other stakeholders aimed specifically at improving the decision making of small unit leaders. This report recommends ways to ease the burden on small unit leaders and to better prepare the small unit leader for success. Improving the Decision Making Abilities of Small Unit Leaders also indentifies a responsible organization to ensure that training and education programs are properly developed, staffed, operated, evaluated, and expanded.

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130

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309216052

ISBN 13

9780309216050

Air Traffic Controller Staffing in the en Route Domain

A Review of the Federal Aviation Administration's Task Load Model

By: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for a Review of the En Route Air Traffic Control Complexity and Workload Model

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Air Traffic Controller Staffing in the en Route Domain

A Review of the Federal Aviation Administration's Task Load Model

By: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for a Review of the En Route Air Traffic Control Complexity and Workload Model

TRB Special Report 301: Air Traffic Controller Staffing in the En Route Domain: A Review of the Federal Aviation Administration's Task Load Model examines the structure, empirical basis, and validation methods of a Federal Aviation Administration model that estimates the time controllers spend performing tasks when handling en route traffic. The model's task load output is being used to inform workforce planning. The committee that developed the report concluded that the model is superior to past models because it takes into account traffic complexity when estimating task load. However, the report recommends that more operational and experimental data on task performance be obtained to establish and validate many key model assumptions, relationships, and parameters.

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Transportation Research Board

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309160693

ISBN 13

9780309160698

Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies

By: National Research Council,Division on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Standing Committee for Technology Insight--Gauge, Evaluate, and Review,Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Neurophysiological and Cognitive/Neural Science Research in the Next Two Decades

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Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies

Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies, from the National Research Council, identifies and explores several specific research areas that have implications for U.S. national security, and should therefore be monitored consistently by the intelligence community. These areas include: neurophysiological advances in detecting and measuring indicators of psychological states and intentions of individuals the development of drugs or technologies that can alter human physical or cognitive abilities advances in real-time brain imaging breakthroughs in high-performance computing and neuronal modeling that could allow researchers to develop systems which mimic functions of the human brain, particularly the ability to organize disparate forms of data. As these fields continue to grow, it will be imperative that the intelligence community be able to identify scientific advances relevant to national security when they occur. To do so will require adequate funding, intelligence analysts with advanced training in science and technology, and increased collaboration with the scientific community, particularly academia. A key tool for the intelligence community, this book will also be a useful resource for the health industry, the military, and others with a vested interest in technologies such as brain imaging and cognitive or physical enhancers.

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215

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309118948

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9780309118941

Food Components to Enhance Performance

An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research

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Food Components to Enhance Performance

An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations

By: Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research

The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settingsâ€"among othersâ€"experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting.

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560

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030905088X

ISBN 13

9780309050883

Network Science

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications

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Network Science

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications

The military is currently attempting to develop itself into a force capable of networkcentric operations. While this effort has highlighted the military's dependence on interacting networks, it has also shown that there is a huge gap between what we need to know about networks and our fundamental knowledge about network behavior. This gap makes the military vision of NCO problematic. To help address this problem, the Army asked the NRC to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of "network science" could help close this gap. This report presents an examination of networks andthe military, an analysis of the promise, content, and challenges of network science, and an assessment of approaches to creating value from network science.

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125

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100267

ISBN 13

9780309100267

Evaluation of the Minerva Research Initiative

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee to Assess the Minerva Research Initiative and the Contribution of Social Science to Addressing Security Concerns

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Evaluation of the Minerva Research Initiative

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee to Assess the Minerva Research Initiative and the Contribution of Social Science to Addressing Security Concerns

The Minerva Research Initiative is a Department of Defense (DoD) social science grant program that funds unclassified basic research relevant to national security. The goal of the program is to make use of the intellectual capital of university-based social scientists to inform understanding of issues important to DoD and the broader national security community. Evaluation of the Minerva Research Initiative discusses the program's successes and challenges over its first decade of operation, and highlights ways to strengthen the program's foundations and take advantage of opportunities for broadening its reach and usefulness.

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199

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309494311

ISBN 13

9780309494311

New Directions in Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups

Workshop Summary

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New Directions in Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups

Workshop Summary

As an all-volunteer service accepting applications from nearly 400,000 potential recruits annually from across the U.S. population, the U.S. military must accurately and efficiently assess the individual capability of each recruit for the purposes of selection, job classification, and unit assignment. New Directions for Assessing Performance Potential of Individuals and Groups is the summary of a workshop held April 3-4, 2013 to examine the future of military entrance assessments. This workshop was a part of the first phase of a larger study that will investigate cutting-edge research into the measurement of both individual capabilities and group composition in order to identify future research directions that may lead to improved assessment and selection of enlisted personnel for the U.S. Army. The workshop brought together scientists from a variety of relevant areas to focus on cognitive and noncognitive attributes that can be used in the initial testing and assignment of enlisted personnel. This report discusses the evolving goals of candidate testing, emerging constructs and theory, and ethical implications of testing methods.

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131

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309290473

ISBN 13

9780309290470

Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security

A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues: Summary

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Research Council,Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society Advisory Group,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Board on Life Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Ethical and Societal Implications of Advances in Militarily Significant Technologies That Are Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Globally Accessible

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Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security

A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues: Summary

The summary version of Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security distills the findings and recommendations of the complete report into a a booklet format. The full report is available here.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309303265

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9780309303262

Cities and Their Vital Systems

Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future

By: Advisory Committee on Technology and Society

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Cities and Their Vital Systems

Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future

By: Advisory Committee on Technology and Society

Cities and Their Vital Systems asks basic questions about the longevity, utility, and nature of urban infrastructures; analyzes how they grow, interact, and change; and asks how, when, and at what cost they should be replaced. Among the topics discussed are problems arising from increasing air travel and airport congestion; the adequacy of water supplies and waste treatment; the impact of new technologies on construction; urban real estate values; and the field of "telematics," the combination of computers and telecommunications that makes money machines and national newspapers possible.

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1298

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309037867

ISBN 13

9780309037860

Human Behavior in Military Contexts

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences,Committee on Opportunities in Basic Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences for the U.S. Military

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Human Behavior in Military Contexts

Human behavior forms the nucleus of military effectiveness. Humans operating in the complex military system must possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, and temperament to perform their roles effectively in a reliable and predictable manner, and effective military management requires understanding of how these qualities can be best provided and assessed. Scientific research in this area is critical to understanding leadership, training and other personnel issues, social interactions and organizational structures within the military. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) asked the National Research Council to provide an agenda for basic behavioral and social research focused on applications in both the short and long-term. The committee responded by recommending six areas of research on the basis of their relevance, potential impact, and timeliness for military needs: intercultural competence; teams in complex environments; technology-based training; nonverbal behavior; emotion; and behavioral neurophysiology. The committee suggests doubling the current budget for basic research for the behavioral and social sciences across U.S. military research agencies. The additional funds can support approximately 40 new projects per year across the committee's recommended research areas. Human Behavior in Military Contexts includes committee reports and papers that demonstrate areas of stimulating, ongoing research in the behavioral and social sciences that can enrich the military's ability to recruit, train, and enhance the performance of its personnel, both organizationally and in its many roles in other cultures.

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250

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309185890

ISBN 13

9780309185899

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