Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering's Books

Beyond Bias and Barriers

Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

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Beyond Bias and Barriers

Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

The United States economy relies on the productivity, entrepreneurship, and creativity of its people. To maintain its scientific and engineering leadership amid increasing economic and educational globalization, the United States must aggressively pursue the innovative capacity of all its people—women and men. However, women face barriers to success in every field of science and engineering; obstacles that deprive the country of an important source of talent. Without a transformation of academic institutions to tackle such barriers, the future vitality of the U.S. research base and economy are in jeopardy. Beyond Bias and Barriers explains that eliminating gender bias in academia requires immediate overarching reform, including decisive action by university administrators, professional societies, federal funding agencies and foundations, government agencies, and Congress. If implemented and coordinated across public, private, and government sectors, the recommended actions will help to improve workplace environments for all employees while strengthening the foundations of America's competitiveness.

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347

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309100429

ISBN 13

9780309100427

Beyond Bias and Barriers

Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

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Beyond Bias and Barriers

Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

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347

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309100429

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9780309100427

Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Opening Doors

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Increasing the Number of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM)

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Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Opening Doors

Careers in science, engineering, and medicine offer opportunities to advance knowledge, contribute to the well-being of communities, and support the security, prosperity, and health of the United States. But many women do not pursue or persist in these careers, or advance to leadership positions - not because they lack the talent or aspirations, but because they face barriers, including: implicit and explicit bias; sexual harassment; unequal access to funding and resources; pay inequity; higher teaching and advising loads; and fewer speaking invitations, among others. There are consequences from this underrepresentation of women for the nation as well: a labor shortage in many science, engineering, and medical professions that cannot be filled unless institutions and organizations recruit from a broad and diverse talent pool; lost opportunities for innovation and economic gain; and lost talent as a result of discrimination, unconscious bias, and sexual harassment. Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine reviews and synthesizes existing research on policies, practices, programs, and other interventions for improving the recruitment, retention, and sustained advancement into leadership roles of women in these disciplines. This report makes actionable recommendations to leverage change and drive swift, coordinated improvements to the systems of education, research, and employment in order to improve both the representation and leadership of women.

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235

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309498244

ISBN 13

9780309498241

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

By: National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity. This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.

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384

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030915586X

ISBN 13

9780309155861

Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies

International Workshop Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on the U.S.-Iran Workshop on Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies

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Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies

International Workshop Proceedings

In June 2006, seventeen scientists and educators selected by the National Academies, the Academy of Sciences of Iran, and the Académie des Sciences of France held a workshop at the estate of the Fondation des Treilles in Toutour, France, to discuss issues concerning the role of science in the development of modern societies. Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies includes the presentations made at the workshop and summarizes the discussions that followed the presentations. Topics of the workshop included science and society issues, the role of science and engineering in development; obstacles and opportunities in the application of science and technology to development; scientific thinking of decision makers; management and utilization of scientific knowledge; and science, society, and education. This book also provides useful background for the further development of interactions of Western scientists and educators with Iranian specialists.

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142

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309119278

ISBN 13

9780309119276

Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering

Report of a Workshop

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Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering

Report of a Workshop

During the last 40 years, the number of women studying science and engineering (S&E) has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, women do not hold academic faculty positions in numbers that commensurate with their increasing share of the S&E talent pool. The discrepancy exists at both the junior and senior faculty levels. In December 2005, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore these issues. Experts in a number of disciplines met to address what sex-differences research tells us about capability, behavior, career decisions, and achievement; the role of organizational structures and institutional policy; cross-cutting issues of race and ethnicity; key research needs and experimental paradigms and tools; and the ramifications of their research for policy, particularly for evaluating current and potential academic faculty. Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering consists of three elements: an introduction, summaries of panel discussions including public comment sessions, and poster abstracts.

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245

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100410

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9780309100410

Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering

Report of a Workshop

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Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering

Report of a Workshop

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0309100410

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9780309100410

Seeking Solutions

Maximizing American Talent by Advancing Women of Color in Academia: Summary of a Conference

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Advancing Institutional Transformation for Minority Women in Academia

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Seeking Solutions

Maximizing American Talent by Advancing Women of Color in Academia: Summary of a Conference

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Advancing Institutional Transformation for Minority Women in Academia

Seeking Solutions: Maximizing American Talent by Advancing Women of Color in Academia is the summary of a 2013 conference convened by the Committee on Women in Science, Engineering and Medicine of the National Research Council to discuss the current status of women of color in academia and explore the challenges and successful initiatives for creating the institutional changes required to increase representation of women of color at all levels of the academic workforce. While the number of women, including minority women, pursuing higher education in science, engineering and medicine has grown, the number of minority women faculty in all institutions of higher education has remained small and has grown less rapidly than the numbers of nonminority women or minority men. Seeking Solutions reviews the existing research on education and academic career patterns for minority women in science, engineering, and medicine to enhance understanding of the barriers and challenges to the full participation of all minority women in STEM disciplines and academic careers. Additionally, this report identifies reliable and credible data source and data gaps, as well as key aspects of exemplary policies and programs that are effective in enhancing minority women's participation in faculty ranks. Success in academia is predicated on many factors and is not solely a function of talent. Seeking Solutions elucidates those other factors and highlights ways that institutions and the individuals working there can take action to create institutional cultures hospitable to people of any gender, race, and ethnicity.

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294

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309295947

ISBN 13

9780309295949

Exoplanet Science Strategy

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Space Studies Board,Committee on Exoplanet Science Strategy

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Exoplanet Science Strategy

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Space Studies Board,Committee on Exoplanet Science Strategy

The past decade has delivered remarkable discoveries in the study of exoplanets. Hand-in-hand with these advances, a theoretical understanding of the myriad of processes that dictate the formation and evolution of planets has matured, spurred on by the avalanche of unexpected discoveries. Appreciation of the factors that make a planet hospitable to life has grown in sophistication, as has understanding of the context for biosignatures, the remotely detectable aspects of a planet's atmosphere or surface that reveal the presence of life. Exoplanet Science Strategy highlights strategic priorities for large, coordinated efforts that will support the scientific goals of the broad exoplanet science community. This report outlines a strategic plan that will answer lingering questions through a combination of large, ambitious community-supported efforts and support for diverse, creative, community-driven investigator research.

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187

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309479444

ISBN 13

9780309479448

Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Opening Doors

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Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Opening Doors

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235

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National Academies Press

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0309498244

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9780309498241

Women in Science and Engineering: Increasing Their Numbers in the 1990s

A Statement on Policy and Strategy

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

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Women in Science and Engineering: Increasing Their Numbers in the 1990s

A Statement on Policy and Strategy

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

From time to time, it is necessary to alert the research and policy communities to opportunities for action in areas of mutual concern. One such area is the participation and utilization of women in science and engineering in the United States. This book explores the underparticipation of women in these fields and presents a strategic plan to bring qualified women into such careers as researchers, teachers, and practitioners of science and engineering.

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165

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309045959

ISBN 13

9780309045957

The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Committee on Effective Mentoring in STEMM

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The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Committee on Effective Mentoring in STEMM

Mentorship is a catalyst capable of unleashing one's potential for discovery, curiosity, and participation in STEMM and subsequently improving the training environment in which that STEMM potential is fostered. Mentoring relationships provide developmental spaces in which students' STEMM skills are honed and pathways into STEMM fields can be discovered. Because mentorship can be so influential in shaping the future STEMM workforce, its occurrence should not be left to chance or idiosyncratic implementation. There is a gap between what we know about effective mentoring and how it is practiced in higher education. The Science of Effective Mentorship in STEMM studies mentoring programs and practices at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It explores the importance of mentorship, the science of mentoring relationships, mentorship of underrepresented students in STEMM, mentorship structures and behaviors, and institutional cultures that support mentorship. This report and its complementary interactive guide present insights on effective programs and practices that can be adopted and adapted by institutions, departments, and individual faculty members.

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307

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309497299

ISBN 13

9780309497299

To Recruit and Advance

Women Students and Faculty in Science and Engineering

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Guide to Recruiting and Advancing Women Scientists and Engineers in Academia,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

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To Recruit and Advance

Women Students and Faculty in Science and Engineering

Although more women than men participate in higher education in the United States, the same is not true when it comes to pursuing careers in science and engineering. To Recruit and Advance: Women Students and Faculty in Science and Engineering identifies and discusses better practices for recruitment, retention, and promotion for women scientists and engineers in academia. Seeking to move beyond yet another catalog of challenges facing the advancement of women in academic science and engineering, this book describes actions actually taken by universities to improve the situation for women. Serving as a guide, it examines the following: Recruitment of female undergraduates and graduate students. Ways of reducing attrition in science and engineering degree programs in the early undergraduate years. Improving retention rates of women at critical transition pointsâ "from undergraduate to graduate student, from graduate student to postdoc, from postdoc to first faculty position. Recruitment of women for tenure-track positions. Increasing the tenure rate for women faculty. Increasing the number of women in administrative positions. This guide offers numerous solutions that may be of use to other universities and colleges and will be an essential resource for anyone interested in improving the position of women students, faculty, deans, provosts, and presidents in science and engineering.

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145

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309384338

ISBN 13

9780309384339

To Recruit and Advance

Women Students and Faculty in Science and Engineering

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering,Committee on the Guide to Recruiting and Advancing Women Scientists and Engineers in Academia

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To Recruit and Advance

Women Students and Faculty in Science and Engineering

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering,Committee on the Guide to Recruiting and Advancing Women Scientists and Engineers in Academia

Although more women than men participate in higher education in the United States, the same is not true when it comes to pursuing careers in science and engineering. To Recruit and Advance: Women Students and Faculty in Science and Engineering identifies and discusses better practices for recruitment, retention, and promotion for women scientists and engineers in academia. Seeking to move beyond yet another catalog of challenges facing the advancement of women in academic science and engineering, this book describes actions actually taken by universities to improve the situation for women. Serving as a guide, it examines the following: Recruitment of female undergraduates and graduate students. Ways of reducing attrition in science and engineering degree programs in the early undergraduate years. Improving retention rates of women at critical transition pointsâ€"from undergraduate to graduate student, from graduate student to postdoc, from postdoc to first faculty position. Recruitment of women for tenure-track positions. Increasing the tenure rate for women faculty. Increasing the number of women in administrative positions. This guide offers numerous solutions that may be of use to other universities and colleges and will be an essential resource for anyone interested in improving the position of women students, faculty, deans, provosts, and presidents in science and engineering.

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146

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309095212

ISBN 13

9780309095211

From Scarcity to Visibility

Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers

By: Panel for the Study of Gender Differences in Career Outcomes of Science and Engineering Ph.D.s,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering,Policy Division,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,National Research Council

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From Scarcity to Visibility

Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers

Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress in these fields has stalled over the past several years. This study looks at women in science and engineering careers in the 1970s and 1980s, documenting differences in career outcomes between men and women and between women of different races and ethnic backgrounds. The panel presents what is known about the following questions and explores their policy implications: In what sectors are female Ph.D.s employed? What salary disparities exist between men and women in these fields? How is marital status associated with career attainment? Does it help a career to have a postdoctoral appointment? How well are female scientists and engineers represented in management? Within the broader context of education and the labor market, the book provides detailed comparisons between men and women Ph.D.s in a number of measures: financial support for education, academic rank achieved, salary, and others. The study covers engineering; the mathematical, physical, life, and social and behavioral sciences; medical school faculty; and recipients of National Institutes of Health grants. Findings and recommendations in this volume will be of interest to practitioners, faculty, and students in science and engineering as well as education administrators, employers, and researchers in these fields.

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338

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309503779

ISBN 13

9780309503778

Blueprint for the Future

Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Status and Participation of Women in STEM Disciplines and Careers

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Blueprint for the Future

Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine,Committee on Status and Participation of Women in STEM Disciplines and Careers

The scientific work of women is often viewed through a national or regional lens, but given the growing worldwide connectivity of most, if not all, scientific disciplines, there needs to be recognition of how different social, political, and economic mechanisms impact women's participation in the global scientific enterprise. Although these complex sociocultural factors often operate in different ways in various countries and regions, studies within and across nations consistently show inverse correlations between levels in the scientific and technical career hierarchy and the number of women in science: the higher the positions, the fewer the number of women. Understanding these complex patterns requires interdisciplinary and international approaches. In April 2011, a committee overseen by the National Academies' standing Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM) convened a workshop entitled, "Blueprint for the Future: Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context" in Washington, D.C. CWSEM's goals are to coordinate, monitor, and advocate action to increase the participation of women in science, engineering, and medicine. The scope of the workshop was limited to women's participation in three scientific disciplines: chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. The workshop presentations came from a group of scholars and professionals who have been working for several years on documenting, analyzing, and interpreting the status of women in selected technical fields around the world. Examination of the three disciplines-chemistry, computer science, and mathematics and statistics-can be considered a first foray into collecting and analyzing information that can be replicated in other fields. The complexity of studying science internationally cannot be underestimated, and the presentations demonstrate some of the evidentiary and epistemological challenges that scholars and professionals face in collecting and analyzing data from many different countries and regions. Blueprint for the Future: Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context summarizes the workshop presentations, which provided an opportunity for dialogue about the issues that the authors have been pursuing in their work to date.

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126

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309225191

ISBN 13

9780309225199

Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty

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384

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309114632

ISBN 13

9780309114639

Women Scientists and Engineers Employed in Industry

Why So Few?

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

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Women Scientists and Engineers Employed in Industry

Why So Few?

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

This book, based on a conference, examines both quantitative and qualitative evidence regarding the low employment of women scientists and engineers in the industrial work force of the United States, as well as corporate responses to this underparticipation. It addresses the statistics underlying the question "Why so few?" and assesses issues related to the working environment and attrition of women professionals.

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143

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309049911

ISBN 13

9780309049917

Climbing the Ladder

An Update on the Status of Doctoral Women Scientists and Engineers

By: Policy and Global Affairs,Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

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Climbing the Ladder

An Update on the Status of Doctoral Women Scientists and Engineers

By: Policy and Global Affairs,Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

This report updates a 1977 study (which explored the status of women in faculty, postdoctoral, and advisory posts) and examines any changes in the status of women faculty between 1977 and 1981. Drawing on more limited data, it also examines their situation in industry. Data for the report were obtained primarily from the 1981 Survey of Doctorate Recipients and 1980 Survey of Earned Doctorates conducted by the National Research Council (NRC). The report is organized into five chapters, beginning with an examination of the number of women in the science/engineering pipeline and recent trends in the proportion of college women planning careers as scientists. In chapter 2, the characteristics of new doctorate recipients are described. Chapter 3 presents data on patterns of postdoctoral appointments for recent Ph.D.s. The comparative status of men and women faculty, including their rank, tenure, and salary profiles, is discussed in chapter 4. Chapter 5 briefly examines the employment patterns of doctoral women in industry and whether the picture has changed since 1977. Copies of the questionnaire used in the two NRC surveys, a summary of the evidence related to the status of women scientists, and recommendations for improving their situation are included. (JN)

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108

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309033411

ISBN 13

9780309033411

From Science to Business

Preparing Female Scientists and Engineers for Successful Transitions into Entrepreneurship: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

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From Science to Business

Preparing Female Scientists and Engineers for Successful Transitions into Entrepreneurship: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

Scientists, engineers, and medical professionals play a vital role in building the 21st- century science and technology enterprises that will create solutions and jobs critical to solving the large, complex, and interdisciplinary problems faced by society: problems in energy, sustainability, the environment, water, food, disease, and healthcare. As a growing percentage of the scientific and technological workforce, women need to participate fully not just in finding solutions to technical problems, but also in building the organizations responsible for the job creation that will bring these solutions to market and to bear on pressing issues. To accomplish this, it is important that more women in science and engineering become entrepreneurs in order to start new companies; create business units inside established organizations, mature companies, and the government; and/or function as social entrepreneurs focused on societal issues. Entrepreneurship represents a vital source of change in all facets of society, empowering individuals to seek opportunity where others see insurmountable problems. From Science to Business: Preparing Female Scientists and Engineers for Successful Transitions into Entrepreneurship is the summary of an August 2009 workshop that assesses the current status of women undertaking entrepreneurial activity in technical fields, to better understand the nature of the barriers they encounter, and to identify what it takes for women scientists and engineers to succeed as entrepreneurs. This report focuses on women's career transitions from academic science and engineering to entrepreneurship, with a goal of identifying knowledge gaps in women's skills as well as experiences crucial to future success in business and critical for achieving leadership positions in entrepreneurial organizations. From Science to Business makes the case that in addition to educating women scientists and engineers in rigorous problem solving, it is equally important to provide exposure and training to impart the skills that will enable more women to move from the role of expert to that of leader in dynamic new business enterprises. This book will be of interest to professionals in both academia and industry, graduate and post-graduate students, and organizations that advocate for a stronger economy.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309256097

ISBN 13

9780309256094

Achieving XXcellence in Science

Role of Professional Societies in Advancing Women in Science: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

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Achieving XXcellence in Science

Role of Professional Societies in Advancing Women in Science: Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

This report is the proceedings of a July 2002 workshop of the Committee on AXXS 2002: A Workshop for Clinical Societies to Enhance Women's Contributions to Science and their Profession. The workshop gathered representatives of clinical societies and identified ways to enhance the participation of women scientists in the clinical research workforce. This workshop was a follow-up to the AXXS 1999 conference sponsored by the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which focused on how scientific societies could contribute to the enhancement of women's careers in science.

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110

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309091748

ISBN 13

9780309091749

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