Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History's Books

Funding a Revolution

Government Support for Computing Research

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History

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Funding a Revolution

Government Support for Computing Research

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History

The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309062780

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9780309062787

Funding a Revolution

Government Support for Computing Research

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History

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Funding a Revolution

Government Support for Computing Research

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History

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300

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National Academies Press

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0309062780

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9780309062787

Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Computing and Communications Research to Enable Better Use of Information Technology in Government

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Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government

Governments have done much to leverage information technology to deploy e-government services, but much work remains before the vision of e-government can be fully realized. Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-government examines the emerging visions for e-government, the technologies required to implement them, and approaches that can be taken to accelerate innovation and the transition of innovative information technologies from the laboratory to operational government systems. In many cases, government can follow the private sector in designing and implementing IT-based services. But there are a number of areas where government requirements differ from those in the commercial world, and in these areas government will need to act on its role as a "demand leader." Although researchers and government agencies may appear to by unlikely allies in this endeavor, both groups have a shared interest in innovation and meeting future needs. E-government innovation will require addressing a broad array of issues, including organization and policy as well as engineering practice and technology research and development, and each of these issues is considered in the book.

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167

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309084016

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9780309084017

Reaping the Benefits of Genomic and Proteomic Research

Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Public Health

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in Genomic and Protein Research and Innovation

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Reaping the Benefits of Genomic and Proteomic Research

Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Public Health

The patenting and licensing of human genetic material and proteins represents an extension of intellectual property (IP) rights to naturally occurring biological material and scientific information, much of it well upstream of drugs and other disease therapies. This report concludes that IP restrictions rarely impose significant burdens on biomedical research, but there are reasons to be apprehensive about their future impact on scientific advances in this area. The report recommends 13 actions that policy-makers, courts, universities, and health and patent officials should take to prevent the increasingly complex web of IP protections from getting in the way of potential breakthroughs in genomic and proteomic research. It endorses the National Institutes of Health guidelines for technology licensing, data sharing, and research material exchanges and says that oversight of compliance should be strengthened. It recommends enactment of a statutory exception from infringement liability for research on a patented invention and raising the bar somewhat to qualify for a patent on upstream research discoveries in biotechnology. With respect to genetic diagnostic tests to detect patient mutations associated with certain diseases, the report urges patent holders to allow others to perform the tests for purposes of verifying the results.

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189

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100674

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9780309100670

Information Technology Innovation

Resurgence, Confluence, and Continuing Impact

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Panel on Artificial Intelligence,Committee on Depicting Innovation in Information Technology

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Information Technology Innovation

Resurgence, Confluence, and Continuing Impact

Information technology (IT) is widely understood to be the enabling technology of the 21st century. IT has transformed, and continues to transform, all aspects of our lives: commerce and finance, education, energy, health care, manufacturing, government, national security, transportation, communications, entertainment, science, and engineering. IT and its impact on the U.S. economyâ€"both directly (the IT sector itself) and indirectly (other sectors that are powered by advances in IT)â€"continue to grow in size and importance. ITâ€™s impacts on the U.S. economyâ€"both directly (the IT sector itself) and indirectly (other sectors that are powered by advances in IT)â€"continue to grow. IT enabled innovation and advances in IT products and services draw on a deep tradition of research and rely on sustained investment and a uniquely strong partnership in the United States among government, industry, and universities. Past returns on federal investments in IT research have been extraordinary for both U.S. society and the U.S. economy. This IT innovation ecosystem fuels a virtuous cycle of innovation with growing economic impact. Building on previous National Academies work, this report describes key features of the IT research ecosystem that fuel IT innovation and foster widespread and longstanding impact across the U.S. economy. In addition to presenting established computing research areas and industry sectors, it also considers emerging candidates in both categories.

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148

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030968420X

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9780309684200

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Depicting Innovation in Information Technology

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Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Depicting Innovation in Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is widely understood to be the enabling technology of the 21st century. IT has transformed, and continues to transform, all aspects of our lives: commerce and finance, education, employment, energy, health care, manufacturing, government, national security, transportation, communications, entertainment, science, and engineering. IT and its impact on the U.S. economy-both directly (the IT sector itself) and indirectly (other sectors that are powered by advances in IT)-continue to grow in size and importance. In 1995, the National Research Council's Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) produced the report Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure. A graphic in that report, often called the "tire tracks" diagram because of its appearance, produced an extraordinary response by clearly linking government investments in academic and industry research to the ultimate creation of new information technology industries with more than $1 billion in annual revenue. Used in presentations to Congress and executive branch decision makers and discussed broadly in the research and innovation policy communities, the tire tracks figure dispelled the assumption that the commercially successful IT industry is self-sufficient, underscoring through long incubation periods of years and even decades. The figure was updated in 2002, 2003, and 2009 reports produced by the CSTB. With the support of the National Science Foundation, CSTB updated the tire tracks figure. Continuing Innovation in Information Technology includes the updated figure and a brief text based in large part on prior CSTB reports.

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National Academies Press

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0309259622

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9780309259620

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

Workshop Report

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

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Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

Workshop Report

The 2012 National Research Council report Continuing Innovation in Information Technology illustrates how fundamental research in information technology (IT), conducted at industry and universities, has led to the introduction of entirely new product categories that ultimately became billion-dollar industries. The central graphic from that report portrays and connects areas of major investment in basic research, university-based research, and industry research and development; the introduction of important commercial products resulting from this research; billion-dollar-plus industries stemming from it; and present-day IT market segments and representative U.S. firms whose creation was stimulated by the decades-long research. At a workshop hosted by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board on March 5, 2015, leading academic and industry researchers and industrial technologists described key research and development results and their contributions and connections to new IT products and industries, and illustrated these developments as overlays to the 2012 "tire tracks" graphic. The principal goal of the workshop was to collect and make available to policy makers and members of the IT community first-person narratives that illustrate the link between government investments in academic and industry research to the ultimate creation of new IT industries. This report provides summaries of the workshop presentations organized into five broad themes - (1) fueling the innovation pipeline, (2) building a connected world, (3) advancing the hardware foundation, (4) developing smart machines, and (5) people and computers - and ends with a summary of remarks from the concluding panel discussion.

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101

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030943727X

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9780309437271

Information Technology for Counterterrorism

Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on the Role of Information Technology in Responding to Terrorism

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Information Technology for Counterterrorism

Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on the Role of Information Technology in Responding to Terrorism

Information technology (IT) is essential to virtually all of the nation's critical infrastructures making them vulnerable by a terrorist attack on their IT system. An attack could be on the system itself or use the IT system to launch or exacerbate another type of attack. IT can also be used as a counterterrorism tool. The report concludes that the most devastating consequences of a terrorist attack would occur if it were on or used IT as part of a broader attack. The report presents two recommendations on what can be done in the short term to protect the nation's communications and information systems and several recommendations about what can be done over the longer term. The report also notes the importance of considering how an IT system will be deployed to maximize protection against and usefulness in responding to attacks.

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145

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National Academies Press

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0309087368

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9780309087360

Opportunities from the Integration of Simulation Science and Data Science

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Future Directions for NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure to Support U.S. Science in 2017-2020

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Opportunities from the Integration of Simulation Science and Data Science

Proceedings of a Workshop

Convergence has been a key topic of discussion about the future of cyberinfrastructure for science and engineering research. Convergence refers both to the combined use of simulation and data-centric techniques in science and engineering research and the possibilities for a single type of cyberinfrastructure to support both techniques. The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine convened a Workshop on Converging Simulation and Data-Driven Science on May 10, 2018, in Washington, D.C. The workshop featured speakers from universities, national laboratories, technology companies, and federal agencies who addressed the potential benefits and limitations of convergence as they relate to scientific needs, technological capabilities, funding structures, and system design requirements. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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0309481899

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9780309481892

Computing Research for Sustainability

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Computing Research for Environmental and Societal Sustainability

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Computing Research for Sustainability

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Computing Research for Environmental and Societal Sustainability

A broad and growing literature describes the deep and multidisciplinary nature of the sustainability challenges faced by the United States and the world. Despite the profound technical challenges involved, sustainability is not, at its root, a technical problem, nor will merely technical solutions be sufficient. Instead, deep economic, political, and cultural adjustments will ultimately be required, along with a major, long-term commitment in each sphere to deploy the requisite technical solutions at scale. Nevertheless, technological advances and enablers have a clear role in supporting such change, and information technology (IT) is a natural bridge between technical and social solutions because it can offer improved communication and transparency for fostering the necessary economic, political, and cultural adjustments. Moreover, IT is at the heart of nearly every large-scale socioeconomic system-including systems for finance, manufacturing, and the generation and distribution of energy-and so sustainability-focused changes in those systems are inextricably linked with advances in IT. The focus of Computing Research for Sustainability is "greening through IT," the application of computing to promote sustainability broadly. The aim of this report is twofold: to shine a spotlight on areas where IT innovation and computer science (CS) research can help, and to urge the computing research community to bring its approaches and methodologies to bear on these pressing global challenges. Computing Research for Sustainability focuses on addressing medium- and long-term challenges in a way that would have significant, measurable impact. The findings and recommended principles of the Committee on Computing Research for Environmental and Societal Sustainability concern four areas: (1) the relevance of IT and CS to sustainability; (2) the value of the CS approach to problem solving, particularly as it pertains to sustainability challenges; (3) key CS research areas; and (4) strategy and pragmatic approaches for CS research on sustainability.

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172

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309257611

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9780309257619

Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking

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Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking

In 2008, the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate of the National Science Foundation asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct two workshops to explore the nature of computational thinking and its cognitive and educational implications. The first workshop focused on the scope and nature of computational thinking and on articulating what "computational thinking for everyone" might mean. A report of that workshop was released in January 2010. Drawing in part on the proceedings of that workshop, Report of a Workshop of Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking, summarizes the second workshop, which was held February 4-5, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and focuses on pedagogical considerations for computational thinking. This workshop was structured to gather pedagogical inputs and insights from educators who have addressed computational thinking in their work with K-12 teachers and students. It illuminates different approaches to computational thinking and explores lessons learned and best practices. Individuals with a broad range of perspectives contributed to this report. Since the workshop was not intended to result in a consensus regarding the scope and nature of computational thinking, Report of a Workshop of Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking does not contain findings or recommendations.

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176

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309214742

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9780309214742

Accelerating Technology Transition

Bridging the Valley of Death for Materials and Processes in Defense Systems

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Accelerating Technology Transition

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Accelerating Technology Transition

Bridging the Valley of Death for Materials and Processes in Defense Systems

Accelerating the transition of new technologies into systems and products will be crucial to the Department of Defenses development of a lighter, more flexible fighting force. Current long transition times-ten years or more is now typical-are attributed to the complexity of the process. To help meet these challenges, the Department of Defense asked the National Research Council to examine lessons learned from rapid technology applications by integrated design and manufacturing groups. This report presents the results of that study, which was based on a workshop held to explore these successful cases. Three key areas emerged: creating a culture for innovation and rapid technology transition; methodologies and approaches; and enabling tools and databases.

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National Academies Press

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0309093171

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9780309093170

Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies

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Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies

Technological innovations are key causal agents of surprise and disruption. In the recent past, the United States military has encountered unexpected challenges in the battlefield due in part to the adversary's incorporation of technologies not traditionally associated with weaponry. Recognizing the need to broaden the scope of current technology forecasting efforts, the Office of the Director, Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) tasked the Committee for Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies with providing guidance and insight on how to build a persistent forecasting system to predict, analyze, and reduce the impact of the most dramatically disruptive technologies. The first of two reports, this volume analyzes existing forecasting methods and processes. It then outlines the necessary characteristics of a comprehensive forecasting system that integrates data from diverse sources to identify potentially game-changing technological innovations and facilitates informed decision making by policymakers. The committee's goal was to help the reader understand current forecasting methodologies, the nature of disruptive technologies and the characteristics of a persistent forecasting system for disruptive technology. Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies is a useful text for the Department of Defense, Homeland Security, the Intelligence community and other defense agencies across the nation.

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136

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309116600

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9780309116602

The Unpredictable Certainty

White Papers

By: NII 2000 Steering Committee,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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The Unpredictable Certainty

White Papers

This book contains a key component of the NII 2000 project of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, a set of white papers that contributed to and complements the project's final report, The Unpredictable Certainty: Information Infrastructure Through 2000, which was published in the spring of 1996. That report was disseminated widely and was well received by its sponsors and a variety of audiences in government, industry, and academia. Constraints on staff time and availability delayed the publication of these white papers, which offer details on a number of issues and positions relating to the deployment of information infrastructure.

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631

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National Academies Press

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0309561752

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9780309561754

Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo

Final Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources,Committee on the Review of the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park

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Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo

Final Report

This report follows up on an interim report released in February 2004 that focused on immediate needs in the areas of animal care and management, recordkeeping, and pest control. The report finds that the zoo has made good-faith efforts to correct deficiencies noted in the interim report and has made some noticeable improvements in the past year in zoo operations and animal care. However, problems in areas such as staff training, workplace culture, and strategic planning still need to be addressed. Specifically, the report recommends that the zoo immediately develop and implement animal-care training programs to ensure that people who are directly responsible for the well-being of its animal collection are adequately prepared and competent. The report commends a zoo-initiated strategic planning process as a positive step, but recommends it contain a more detailed, comprehensive strategy of how it will meet short-term goals and that it should link plans to upgrade facilities with those to acquire animals. The zoo should also focus on improving communication among keepers, veterinarians, nutritionists, senior managers, and curators.

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304

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309095832

ISBN 13

9780309095839

Engineered Materials Handbook, Desk Edition

By: ASM International. Handbook Committee

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Engineered Materials Handbook, Desk Edition

By: ASM International. Handbook Committee

A comprehensive reference on the properties, selection, processing, and applications of the most widely used nonmetallic engineering materials. Section 1, General Information and Data, contains information applicable both to polymers and to ceramics and glasses. It includes an illustrated glossary, a collection of engineering tables and data, and a guide to materials selection. Sections 2 through 7 focus on polymeric materials--plastics, elastomers, polymer-matrix composites, adhesives, and sealants--with the information largely updated and expanded from the first three volumes of the Engineered Materials Handbook. Ceramics and glasses are covered in Sections 8 through 12, also with updated and expanded information. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

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1313

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ASM International

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0871702835

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9780871702838

Book's by Committee on Innovations in Computing and Communications: Lessons from History

Funding a Revolution

Funding a Revolution

Funding a Revolution

Funding a Revolution

Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government

Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government

Reaping the Benefits of Genomic and Proteomic Research

Reaping the Benefits of Genomic and Proteomic Research

Information Technology Innovation

Information Technology Innovation

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

Information Technology for Counterterrorism

Information Technology for Counterterrorism

Opportunities from the Integration of Simulation Science and Data Science

Opportunities from the Integration of Simulation Science and Data Science

Computing Research for Sustainability

Computing Research for Sustainability

Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking

Report of a Workshop on the Pedagogical Aspects of Computational Thinking

Accelerating Technology Transition

Accelerating Technology Transition

Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies

Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies

The Unpredictable Certainty

The Unpredictable Certainty

Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo

Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo

Engineered Materials Handbook, Desk Edition

Engineered Materials Handbook, Desk Edition

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