Committee on Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel through the Environmental Management Science Program's Books

Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing DOE's Excess Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel through the Environmental Management Science Program

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Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing DOE's Excess Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel

The production of nuclear materials for the national defense was an intense, nationwide effort that began with the Manhattan Project and continued throughout the Cold War. Now many of these product materials, by-products, and precursors, such as irradiated nuclear fuels and targets, have been declared as excess by the Department of Energy (DOE). Most of this excess inventory has been, or will be, turned over to DOE's Office of Environmental Management (EM), which is responsible for cleaning up the former production sites. Recognizing the scientific and technical challenges facing EM, Congress in 1995 established the EM Science Program (EMSP) to develop and fund directed, long-term research that could substantially enhance the knowledge base available for new cleanup technologies and decision making. The EMSP has previously asked the National Academies' National Research Council for advice for developing research agendas in subsurface contamination, facility deactivation and decommissioning, high-level waste, and mixed and transuranic waste. For this study the committee was tasked to provide recommendations for a research agenda to improve the scientific basis for DOE's management of its high-cost, high-volume, or high-risk excess nuclear materials and spent nuclear fuels. To address its task, the committee focused its attention on DOE's excess plutonium-239, spent nuclear fuels, cesium-137 and strontium-90 capsules, depleted uranium, and higher actinide isotopes.

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124

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309087228

ISBN 13

9780309087223

Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing DOE's Excess Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel

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Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing DOE's Excess Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel

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ISBN 10

0309087228

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9780309087223

Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste

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Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste

The largest volumes of radioactive wastes in the United States contain only small amounts of radioactive material. These low-activity wastes (LAW) come from hospitals, utilities, research institutions, and defense installations where nuclear material is used. Millions of cubic feet of LAW also arise every year from non-nuclear enterprises such as mining and water treatment. While LAW present much less of a radiation hazard than spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive wastes, they can cause health risks if controlled improperly. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes asserts that LAW should be regulated and managed according to the degree of risk they pose for treatment, storage, and disposal. Current regulations are based primarily on the type of industry that produced the waste-the waste's origin-rather than its risk. In this report, a risk-informed approach for regulating and managing all types of LAW in the United States is proposed. Implemented in a gradual or stepwise fashion, this approach combines scientific risk assessment with public values and perceptions. It focuses on the hazardous properties of the waste in question and how they compare with other waste materials. The approach is based on established principles for risk-informed decision making, current risk-informed initiatives by waste regulators in the United States and abroad, solutions available under current regulatory authorities, and remedies through new legislation when necessary.

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224

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309164699

ISBN 13

9780309164696

Improving the Environment

An Evaluation of the DOE's Environmental Management Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee to Evaluate the Science, Engineering, and Health Basis of the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Program

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Improving the Environment

An Evaluation of the DOE's Environmental Management Program

This book addresses remedial action and waste management problems that the DOE and the nation are now facing that are the result of 50 years of nuclear weapons development and testingâ€"problems that require a reengineering of systems and a reexamination of the scientific, engineering, and institutional barriers to achieving cost-effective and safe stewardship of the nation's resources. Improving the Environment evaluates the DOE's environmental management program in four areas: regulatory measures, organization and management, priority-setting, timing and staging, and science and technology.

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226

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309054400

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9780309054409

Improving the Characterization and Treatment of Radioactive Wastes for the Department of Energy's Accelerated Site Cleanup Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Opportunities for Accelerating Characterization and Treatment of Waste at DOE Nuclear Weapons Sites

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Improving the Characterization and Treatment of Radioactive Wastes for the Department of Energy's Accelerated Site Cleanup Program

The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (EM) directs the massive cleanup of more than 100 sites that were involved in the production of nuclear weapons materials during the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. This report offers suggestions for more effectively characterizing and treating the orphan and special-case wastes that are part of EM's accelerated cleanup program. It identifies technical opportunities for EM to improve the program that will save time and money without compromising health and safety. The opportunities identified include: making more effective use of existing facilities and capabilities for waste characterization, treatment, or disposal; eliminating self-imposed requirements that have no clear technical or safety basis; and investing in new technologies to improve existing treatment and characterization capabilities. For example, the report suggests that EM work with DOE classification officers to declassify, to the extent possible, classified materials declared as wastes. The report also suggests a new approach for treating the wastes that EM will leave in place after cleanup.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309181941

ISBN 13

9780309181945

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop

By: Russian Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on the Scientific Aspects of an International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility in Russia

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An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop

As part of a long-standing collaboration on nuclear nonproliferation, the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a joint workshop in Moscow in 2003 on the scientific aspects of an international radioactive disposal site in Russia. The passage of Russian laws permitting the importation and storage of high-level radioactive material (primarily spent nuclear fuel from reactors) has engendered interest from a number of foreign governments, including the U.S., in exploring the possibility of transferring material to Russia on a temporary or permanent basis. The workshop focused on the environmental aspects of the general location and characteristics of a possible storage site, transportation to and within the site, containers for transportation and storage, inventory and accountability, audits and inspections, and handling technologies.

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302

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030909688X

ISBN 13

9780309096881

Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

International Workshop Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Issues in Consolidating Spent Nuclear Fuel at International Storage Sites

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Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

International Workshop Proceedings

In May 2003, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academies organized an international workshop in Moscow on the scientific issues relevant to the establishment and operation of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia. Given the broad international interest in this topic, the academies organized a second international workshop on important issues that were not on the agenda or were not adequately discussed at the first workshop. These issues included international monitoring at the facility, transportation requirements, liability and insurance concerns, and status of Russian legislation and regulations that are important in locating and operating a facility. Relevant experience from Europe, the United States, and Asia was also considered in this 2005 workshop. This book contains the papers presented at the 2005 workshop sessions, as well as proceedings from the 2003 workshop. Together they provide an overview of the issues, and useful background for those organizations and individuals involved in further development of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia.

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128

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309119618

ISBN 13

9780309119610

Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste

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Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste

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224

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309164699

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9780309164696

Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

This book assesses the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Science Program--a new program that funds basic research related to environmental cleanup of the department's weapons complex. The authoring committee was established to advise the department on the structure and management of the program. The book provides recommendations on long-term challenges and opportunities for the program.

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182

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309561620

ISBN 13

9780309561624

Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program

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Building an Effective Environmental Management Science Program

Final Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Building an Environmental Management Science Program

This book assesses the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Science Programâ€"a new program that funds basic research related to environmental cleanup of the department's weapons complex. The authoring committee was established to advise the department on the structure and management of the program. The book provides recommendations on long-term challenges and opportunities for the program.

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182

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309057302

ISBN 13

9780309057301

One Step at a Time

The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Radioactive Waste

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Principles and Operational Strategies for Staged Repository Systems

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One Step at a Time

The Staged Development of Geologic Repositories for High-Level Radioactive Waste

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Principles and Operational Strategies for Staged Repository Systems

Compared to other large engineering projects, geologic repositories for high-level waste present distinctive challenges because: 1) they are first-of-a-kind, complex, and long-term projects that must actively manage hazardous materials for many decades: 2) they are expected to hold these hazardous materials passively safe for many millennia after repository closure; and 3) they are widely perceived to pose serious risks. As is the case for other complex projects, repository programs should proceed in stages. One Step at a Time focuses on a management approach called "adaptive staging" as a promising means to develop geologic repositories for high-level radioactive waste such as the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Adaptive staging is a learn-as-you-go process that enables project managers to continuously reevaluate and adjust the program in response to new knowledge and stakeholder input. Advice is given on how to implement staging during the construction, operation, closure, and post-closure phases of a repository program.

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216

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087082

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9780309087087

Independent Assessment of Science and Technology for the Department of Energy's Defense Environmental Cleanup Program

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Independent Assessment of Science and Technology for the Department of Energy's Defense Environmental Cleanup Program

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Independent Assessment of Science and Technology for the Department of Energy's Defense Environmental Cleanup Program

The National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2017 contained a request for a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine review and assessment of science and technology development efforts within the Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM). This technical report is the result of the review and presents findings and recommendations.

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123

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309487781

ISBN 13

9780309487788

Radiation Source Use and Replacement

Abbreviated Version

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement

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Radiation Source Use and Replacement

Abbreviated Version

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement

In the United States there are several thousand devices containing high-activity radiation sources licensed for use in areas ranging from medical uses such as cancer therapy to safety uses such as testing of structures and industrial equipment. Those radiation sources are licensed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and state agencies. Concerns have been raised about the safety and security of the radiation sources, particularly amid fears that they could be used to create dirty bombs, or radiological dispersal device (RDD). In response to a request from Congress, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission asked the National Research Council to conduct a study to review the uses of high-risk radiation sources and the feasibility of replacing them with lower risk alternatives. The study concludes that the U.S. government should consider factors such as potential economic consequences of misuse of the radiation sources into its assessments of risk. Although the committee found that replacements of most sources are possible, it is not economically feasible in some cases. The committee recommends that the U.S. government take steps to in the near term to replace radioactive cesium chloride radiation sources, a potential "dirty bomb" ingredient used in some medical and research equipment, with lower-risk alternatives. The committee further recommends that longer term efforts be undertaken to replace other sources. The book presents a number of options for making those replacements.

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232

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309110149

ISBN 13

9780309110143

Waste Forms Technology and Performance

Final Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Waste Forms Technology and Performance

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Waste Forms Technology and Performance

Final Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Waste Forms Technology and Performance

The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) is responsible for cleaning up radioactive waste and environmental contamination resulting from five decades of nuclear weapons production and testing. A major focus of this program involves the retrieval, processing, and immobilization of waste into stable, solid waste forms for disposal. Waste Forms Technology and Performance, a report requested by DOE-EM, examines requirements for waste form technology and performance in the cleanup program. The report provides information to DOE-EM to support improvements in methods for processing waste and selecting and fabricating waste forms. Waste Forms Technology and Performance places particular emphasis on processing technologies for high-level radioactive waste, DOE's most expensive and arguably most difficult cleanup challenge. The report's key messages are presented in ten findings and one recommendation.

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308

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187338

ISBN 13

9780309187336

Decision Making in the U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Management Office of Science and Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Prioritization and Decision Making in the Department of Energy Office of Science and Technology

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Decision Making in the U.S. Department of Energy's Environmental Management Office of Science and Technology

Printbegrænsninger: Der kan printes 10 sider ad gangen og max. 40 sider pr. session.

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229

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309063477

ISBN 13

9780309063470

Tank Waste Retrieval, Processing, and On-site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

Final Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on the Management of Certain Radioactive Waste Streams Stored in Tanks at Three Department of Energy Sites

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Tank Waste Retrieval, Processing, and On-site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

Final Report

DOE Tank Waste: How clean is clean enough? The U.S. Congress asked the National Academies to evaluate the Department of Energy's (DOE's) plans for cleaning up defense-related radioactive wastes stored in underground tanks at three sites: the Hanford Site in Washington State, the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, and the Idaho National Laboratory. DOE plans to remove the waste from the tanks, separate out high-level radioactive waste to be shipped to an off-site geological repository, and dispose of the remaining lower-activity waste onsite. The report concludes that DOE's overall plan is workable, but some important challenges must be overcomeâ€"including the removal of residual waste from some tanks, especially at Hanford and Savannah River. The report recommends that DOE pursue a more risk-informed, consistent, participatory, and transparent for making decisions about how much waste to retrieve from tanks and how much to dispose of onsite. The report offers several other detailed recommendations to improve the technical soundness of DOE's tank cleanup plans.

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214

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309180147

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9780309180146

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Public Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

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Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Public Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

In response to a request from Congress, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Department of Homeland Security sponsored a National Academies study to assess the safety and security risks of spent nuclear fuel stored in cooling pools and dry casks at commercial nuclear power plants. The information provided in this book examines the risks of terrorist attacks using these materials for a radiological dispersal device. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel is an unclassified public summary of a more detailed classified book. The book finds that successful terrorist attacks on spent fuel pools, though difficult, are possible. A propagating fire in a pool could release large amounts of radioactive material, but rearranging spent fuel in the pool during storage and providing emergency water spray systems would reduce the likelihood of a propagating fire even under severe damage conditions. The book suggests that additional studies are needed to better understand these risks. Although dry casks have advantages over cooling pools, pools are necessary at all operating nuclear power plants to store at least the recently discharged fuel. The book explains it would be difficult for terrorists to steal enough spent fuel to construct a significant radiological dispersal device.

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126

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309096472

ISBN 13

9780309096478

Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

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Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

Naturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials.

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293

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309183995

ISBN 13

9780309183994

Book's by Committee on Improving the Scientific Basis for Managing Nuclear Materials and Spent Nuclear Fuel through the Environmental Management Science Program

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