Committee on Future Environments for the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Books

Future R&D Environments

A Report for the National Institute of Standards and Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Future Environments for the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Future R&D Environments

A Report for the National Institute of Standards and Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on Future Environments for the National Institute of Standards and Technology

In September 2000, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) asked the National Research Council to assemble a committee to study the trends and forces in science and technology (S&T), industrial management, the economy, and society that are likely to affect research and development as well as the introduction of technological innovations over the next 5 to 10 years. NIST believed that such a study would provide useful supporting information as it planned future programs to achieve its goals of strengthening the U.S. economy and improving the quality of life for U.S. citizens by working with industry to develop and apply technology, measurements, and standards.

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232

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309083362

ISBN 13

9780309083362

The Disposition Dilemma

Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities

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The Disposition Dilemma

Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) and its predecessor, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), have attempted since the 1970s to give greater uniformity to the policy and regulatory framework that addresses the disposition of slightly radioactive solid material. The issue remains unresolved and controversial. The USNRC has tried to issue policy statements and standards for the release of slightly radioactive solid material from regulatory control, while such material has been released and continues to be released under existing practices. In 1980 the USNRC proposed regulatory changes to deregulate contaminated metal alloys but withdrew them in 1986 and began work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop more broadly applicable federal guidance. In 1990 the USNRC issued a more sweeping policy, as directed by the Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (LLWPAA), declaring materials with low concentrations of radioactivity contamination "below regulatory concern" (BRC) and hence deregulated. Congress intervened to set aside the BRC policy in the Energy Policy Act of 1992, after the USNRC's own suspension of the policy. Subsequent attempts by USNRC staff to build consensus among stakeholder groups as a basis for future policy articulations were met by boycotts of stakeholder meetings, both in the immediate aftermath of the BRC policy and again in 1999 during public hearings on a new examination of the disposition of such materials. The only USNRC standard addressing the disposition of slightly radioactive solid material is a guidance document published in June 1974 by the AEC, whose regulatory authority over civilian nuclear facilities the USNRC assumed upon its creation a few months later in January 1975. In August 2000, with another examination of this issue under way, the USNRC requested that the National Research Council form a committee to provide advice in a written report. The National Research Council established the Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities to address this task. The committee's task involved evaluating and providing recommendations on the history of the technical bases and policies and precedents for managing slightly radioactive solid material from USNRC-licensed facilities; the sufficiency of technical bases needed to establish standards for release of solid materials from regulatory control ("clearance standards") and the adequacy of measurement technologies; the concerns of stakeholders and how the USNRC should incorporate them; and the efforts of international organizations on clearance standards. The committee was also asked to examine the current system for release of slightly radioactive solid material from regulatory control, to recommend whether the USNRC should continue to use this system and to recommend changes if appropriate. The committee's fact-finding process included two site visits to waste brokering facilities and nearly 40 invited presentations from the USNRC, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and EPA staff; stakeholder organizations; nuclear industry organizations; and other interested parties. In conducting its study, the committee first examined the current system of standards, guidance, and practices used by the USNRC and agreement states to determine whether to release slightly radioactive solid material from further regulatory control under the Atomic Energy Act. The committee found that the current, workable system allows licensees to release material according to pre-established criteria but contains inconsistencies such that nuclear reactor licensees can release materials only if there is no detectable radioactivity (above background levels), whereas materials licensees can do so if small detectable levels are found. The committee evaluated technical analyses of the estimated doses of the final disposition of slightly radioactive solid materials. These analyses were conducted by federal agencies and international organizations, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the European Commission, and other groups. The Disposition Dilemma:Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities explains the committee's findings and recommendations.

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249

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030916978X

ISBN 13

9780309169783

Science for Environmental Protection

The Road Ahead

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Science for EPA's Future

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Science for Environmental Protection

The Road Ahead

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Science for EPA's Future

In anticipation of future environmental science and engineering challenges and technologic advances, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the overall capabilities of the agency to develop, obtain, and use the best available scientific and technologic information and tools to meet persistent, emerging, and future mission challenges and opportunities. Although the committee cannot predict with certainty what new environmental problems EPA will face in the next 10 years or more, it worked to identify some of the common drivers and common characteristics of problems that are likely to occur. Tensions inherent to the structure of EPA's work contribute to the current and persistent challenges faced by the agency, and meeting those challenges will require development of leading-edge scientific methods, tools, and technologies, and a more deliberate approach to systems thinking and interdisciplinary science. Science for Environmental Protection: The Road Ahead outlines a framework for building science for environmental protection in the 21st century and identified key areas where enhanced leadership and capacity can strengthen the agency's abilities to address current and emerging environmental challenges as well as take advantage of new tools and technologies to address them. The foundation of EPA science is strong, but the agency needs to continue to address numerous present and future challenges if it is to maintain its science leadership and meet its expanding mandates.

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188

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309264898

ISBN 13

9780309264891

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of the Material Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2017

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2017 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST). This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff summarizes the findings of the authoring panel.

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105

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309469473

ISBN 13

9780309469470

Enabling Technologies for Unified Life-Cycle Engineering of Structural Components

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on Enabling Technologies for Unified Life-Cycle Engineering of Structural Components

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Enabling Technologies for Unified Life-Cycle Engineering of Structural Components

Unified life-cycle engineering (ULCE), or concurrent engineering, is a design engineering environment in which computer-aided design technology is used to assess and improve the quality of a productâ€"not only during the active design phases but throughout its entire life cycle. This is achieved by integrating and optimizing the design attributes for producibility and supportability as well as for performance, operability, cost, and schedule. This book addresses ULCE approaches to design, manufacture, and application of structural componentsâ€"especially for advanced military systems. Conclusions and recommendations to support the development of an effective ULCE design engineering environment are presented.

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112

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309044928

ISBN 13

9780309044929

Microbiomes of the Built Environment

A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health, and Buildings

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Health and Medicine Division,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Microbiomes of the Built Environment: From Research to Application

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Microbiomes of the Built Environment

A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health, and Buildings

People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. The characteristics of "healthy" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environmentsâ€"such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materialsâ€"in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. This report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions.

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318

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309449804

ISBN 13

9780309449809

Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade

Into the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee

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Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade

Into the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee

Mandated standards used for vehicle airbags, International Organization for Standards (ISO) standards adopted for photographic film, de facto standards for computer softwareâ€"however they arise, standards play a fundamental role in the global marketplace. Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade provides a comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the link between standards, product testing and certification, and U.S. economic performance. The book includes recommendations for streamlining standards development, increasing the efficiency of product testing and certification, and promoting the success of U.S. exports in world markets. The volume offers a critical examination of organizations involved in standards and identifies the urgent improvements needed in the U.S. system for conformity assessment, in which adherence to standards is assessed and certified. Among other key issues, the book explores the role of government regulation, laboratory accreditation, and the overlapping of multiple quality standards in product development and manufacturing. In one of the first treatments of this subject, Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade offers a unique and highly valuable analysis of the impact of standards and conformity assessment on global trade.

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253

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030905236X

ISBN 13

9780309052368

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physical Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2015

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physical Measurement Laboratory

Fiscal Year 2015

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Laboratory Assessments Board,Committee on NIST Technical Programs,Panel on Review of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is dedicated to three fundamental and complementary tasks: (1) increase the accuracy of our knowledge of the physical parameters that are the foundation of our technology-driven society; (2) disseminate technologies by which these physical parameters can be accessed in a standardized way by the stakeholders; and (3) conduct research at both fundamental and applied levels to provide knowledge that may eventually lead to advances in measurement approaches and standards. This report assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the PML and identifies salient examples of accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities for improvement for each of its nine divisions.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309439396

ISBN 13

9780309439398

Book's by Committee on Future Environments for the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Future R&D Environments

Future R&D Environments

The Disposition Dilemma

The Disposition Dilemma

Science for Environmental Protection

Science for Environmental Protection

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory

Enabling Technologies for Unified Life-Cycle Engineering of Structural Components

Enabling Technologies for Unified Life-Cycle Engineering of Structural Components

Microbiomes of the Built Environment

Microbiomes of the Built Environment

Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade

Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physical Measurement Laboratory

An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physical Measurement Laboratory

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