Committee on End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States's Books

End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

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End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

End Points for spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russian and the United States provides an analysis of the management of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in Russia and the United States, describing inventories, comparing approaches, and assessing the end-point options for storage and disposal of materials and wastes. The authoring committee finds that despite differences in philosophy about nuclear fuel cycles, Russia and the United States need similar kinds of facilities and face similar challenges, although in Russia many of the problems are worse and funding is less available. This book contains recommendations for immediate and near-term actions, for example, protecting and stabilizing materials that are security and safety hazards, actions for the longer term, such as developing more interim storage capacity and studying effects of deep injection, and areas for collaboration.

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153

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087244

ISBN 13

9780309087247

End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

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End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

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153

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087244

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9780309087247

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop

By: Russian Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on the Scientific Aspects of an International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility in Russia

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An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop

As part of a long-standing collaboration on nuclear nonproliferation, the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a joint workshop in Moscow in 2003 on the scientific aspects of an international radioactive disposal site in Russia. The passage of Russian laws permitting the importation and storage of high-level radioactive material (primarily spent nuclear fuel from reactors) has engendered interest from a number of foreign governments, including the U.S., in exploring the possibility of transferring material to Russia on a temporary or permanent basis. The workshop focused on the environmental aspects of the general location and characteristics of a possible storage site, transportation to and within the site, containers for transportation and storage, inventory and accountability, audits and inspections, and handling technologies.

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302

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309181186

ISBN 13

9780309181181

Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: Russian Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States

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Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: Russian Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States

In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism.

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256

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102456

ISBN 13

9780309102452

Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Goals, Strategies, and Challenges

By: Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian Committee on the Internationalization of the Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle,National Research Council,National Academy of Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,U.S. Committee on the Internationalization of the Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle

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Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Goals, Strategies, and Challenges

The so-called nuclear renaissance has increased worldwide interest in nuclear power. This potential growth also has increased, in some quarters, concern that nonproliferation considerations are not being given sufficient attention. In particular, since introduction of many new power reactors will lead to requiring increased uranium enrichment services to provide the reactor fuel, the proliferation risk of adding enrichment facilities in countries that do not have them now led to proposals to provide the needed fuel without requiring indigenous enrichment facilities. Similar concerns exist for reprocessing facilities. Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle summarizes key issues and analyses of the topic, offers some criteria for evaluating options, and makes findings and recommendations to help the United States, the Russian Federation, and the international community reduce proliferation and other risks, as nuclear power is used more widely. This book is intended for all those who are concerned about the need for assuring fuel for new reactors and at the same time limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. This audience includes the United States and Russia, other nations that currently supply nuclear material and technology, many other countries contemplating starting or growing nuclear power programs, and the international organizations that support the safe, secure functioning of the international nuclear fuel cycle, most prominently the International Atomic Energy Agency.

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172

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309126606

ISBN 13

9780309126601

U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development, Security, and Cooperation,Committee on Opportunities for U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism

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U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism

The International Atomic Energy Agency reports numerous incidents of illicit trafficking in radioactive materials, including ionizing radiation sources (IRSs) used in medical, agricultural, and industrial applications. This report assesses the threats posed by inadequately protected IRSs in Russia and recommends steps to enhance the effectiveness of DOE's current cooperative program with Russia. These continuing DOE's current program of quick security fixes and developing a comprehensive plan to work with Russian counterparts to reduce overall risk, within the context of a comprehensive Russian program for ensuring adequate life-cycle management of IRSs.

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124

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309104106

ISBN 13

9780309104104

Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles

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Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles

The material that sustains the nuclear reactions that produce energy can also be used to make nuclear weapons-and therefore, the development of nuclear energy is one of multiple pathways to proliferation for a non-nuclear weapon state. There is a tension between the development of future nuclear fuel cycles and managing the risk of proliferation as the number of existing and future nuclear energy systems expands throughout the world. As the Department of Energy (DOE) and other parts of the government make decisions about future nuclear fuel cycles, DOE would like to improve proliferation assessments to better inform those decisions. Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles considers how the current methods of quantification of proliferation risk are being used and implemented, how other approaches to risk assessment can contribute to improving the utility of assessments for policy and decision makers. The study also seeks to understand the extent to which technical analysis of proliferation risk could be improved for policy makers through research and development.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309285321

ISBN 13

9780309285322

Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Committee on the Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile

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Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile

Maintaining the capabilities of the nuclear weapons stockpile and performing the annual assessment for the stockpile's certification involves a wide range of processes, technologies, and expertise. An important and valuable framework helping to link those components is the quantification of margins and uncertainties (QMU) methodology. In this book, the National Research Council evaluates: how the national security labs were using QMU, including any significant differences among the three labs its use in the annual assessment whether the applications of QMU to assess the proposed reliable replacement warhead (RRW) could reduce the likelihood of resuming underground nuclear testing This book presents an assessment of each of these issues and includes findings and recommendations to help guide laboratory and NNSA implementation and development of the QMU framework. It also serves as a guide for congressional oversight of those activities.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309128536

ISBN 13

9780309128537

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop

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An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop

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302

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030909688X

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9780309096881

Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

International Workshop Proceedings

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Issues in Consolidating Spent Nuclear Fuel at International Storage Sites

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Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

International Workshop Proceedings

In May 2003, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academies organized an international workshop in Moscow on the scientific issues relevant to the establishment and operation of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia. Given the broad international interest in this topic, the academies organized a second international workshop on important issues that were not on the agenda or were not adequately discussed at the first workshop. These issues included international monitoring at the facility, transportation requirements, liability and insurance concerns, and status of Russian legislation and regulations that are important in locating and operating a facility. Relevant experience from Europe, the United States, and Asia was also considered in this 2005 workshop. This book contains the papers presented at the 2005 workshop sessions, as well as proceedings from the 2003 workshop. Together they provide an overview of the issues, and useful background for those organizations and individuals involved in further development of an international spent nuclear fuel storage facility in Russia.

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128

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309119618

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9780309119610

Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites

Environmental Management Science Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Long-Term Research Needs for Radioactive High-Level Waste at Department of Energy Sites

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Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites

Environmental Management Science Program

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has approximately 400 million liters (100 million gallons) of liquid high-level waste (HLW) stored in underground tanks and approximately 4,000 cubic meters of solid HLW stored in bins. The current DOE estimate of the cost of converting these liquid and solid wastes into stable forms for shipment to a geological repository exceeds $50 billion to be spent over several decades (DOE, 2000). The Committee on Long-Term Research Needs for Radioactive High-Level Waste at Department of Energy Sites was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to advise the Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP) on a long-term research agenda addressing the above problems related to HLW stored in tanks and bins at DOE sites.

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146

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309075653

ISBN 13

9780309075657

Waste Forms Technology and Performance

Final Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Waste Forms Technology and Performance

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Waste Forms Technology and Performance

Final Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Waste Forms Technology and Performance

The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) is responsible for cleaning up radioactive waste and environmental contamination resulting from five decades of nuclear weapons production and testing. A major focus of this program involves the retrieval, processing, and immobilization of waste into stable, solid waste forms for disposal. Waste Forms Technology and Performance, a report requested by DOE-EM, examines requirements for waste form technology and performance in the cleanup program. The report provides information to DOE-EM to support improvements in methods for processing waste and selecting and fabricating waste forms. Waste Forms Technology and Performance places particular emphasis on processing technologies for high-level radioactive waste, DOE's most expensive and arguably most difficult cleanup challenge. The report's key messages are presented in ten findings and one recommendation.

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308

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309187338

ISBN 13

9780309187336

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Public Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

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Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Public Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

In response to a request from Congress, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Department of Homeland Security sponsored a National Academies study to assess the safety and security risks of spent nuclear fuel stored in cooling pools and dry casks at commercial nuclear power plants. The information provided in this book examines the risks of terrorist attacks using these materials for a radiological dispersal device. Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel is an unclassified public summary of a more detailed classified book. The book finds that successful terrorist attacks on spent fuel pools, though difficult, are possible. A propagating fire in a pool could release large amounts of radioactive material, but rearranging spent fuel in the pool during storage and providing emergency water spray systems would reduce the likelihood of a propagating fire even under severe damage conditions. The book suggests that additional studies are needed to better understand these risks. Although dry casks have advantages over cooling pools, pools are necessary at all operating nuclear power plants to store at least the recently discharged fuel. The book explains it would be difficult for terrorists to steal enough spent fuel to construct a significant radiological dispersal device.

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126

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309096472

ISBN 13

9780309096478

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage:

Public Report

By: Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage:

Public Report

By: Committee on the Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

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126

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309387973

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9780309387972

An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Technologies for Cleanup of High-Level Waste in Tanks in the DOE Weapons Complex

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An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks

A major issue in the cleanup of this country's nuclear weapons complex is how to dispose of the radioactive waste resulting primarily from the chemical processing operations for the recovery of plutonium and other defense strategic nuclear materials. The wastes are stored in hundreds of large underground tanks at four U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites throughout the United States. The tanks contain hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of radioactive and hazardous waste. Most of it is high-level waste (HLW), some of it is transuranic (TRU) or low- level waste (LLW), and essentially all containing significant amounts of chemicals deemed hazardous. Of the 278 tanks involved, about 70 are known or assumed to have leaked some of their contents to the environment. The remediation of the tanks and their contents requires the development of new technologies to enable cleanup and minimize costs while meeting various health, safety, and environmental objectives. While DOE has a process based on stakeholder participation for screening and formulating technology needs, it lacks transparency (in terms of being apparent to all concerned decision makers and other interested parties) and a systematic basis (in terms of identifying end states for the contaminants and developing pathways to these states from the present conditions). An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks describes an approach for identifying technology development needs that is both systematic and transparent to enhance the cleanup and remediation of the tank contents and their sites. The authoring committee believes that the recommended end state based approach can be applied to DOE waste management in general, not just to waste in tanks. The approach is illustrated through an example based on the tanks at the DOE Hanford Site in southeastern Washington state, the location of some 60 percent by volume of the tank waste residues.

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105

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309184312

ISBN 13

9780309184311

Tank Wastes Planned for On-Site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

The Savannah River Site: Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on the Management of Certain Radioactive Waste Streams Stored in Tanks at Three Department of Energy Sites

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Tank Wastes Planned for On-Site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

The Savannah River Site: Interim Report

In response to a request from Congress, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) asked the National Academies to evaluate its plans for managing radioactive wastes from spent nuclear fuel at sites in Idaho, South Carolina, and Washington. This interim report evaluates storage facilities at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, with a particular focus on plans to seal the tanks with grouting. The report finds that tanks at the site do not necessarily need to be sealed shut as soon as the bulk of the waste has been removed. Postponing permanent closure buys more time for the development and application of emerging technologies to remove and better immobilize residual waste, without increasing risks to the environment or delaying final closure of the "tank farms." The report also recommends alternatives to address the lack of tank space at the site, as well as the need for focused R&D activities to reduce the amount and improve the immobilization of residual waste in the tanks and to test some of the assumptions used in evaulating long-term risks at the site.

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ISBN 10

0309096936

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9780309096935

Book's by Committee on End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism

U.S.-Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism

Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles

Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles

Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile

Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility

Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

Setting the Stage for International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities

Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites

Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites

Waste Forms Technology and Performance

Waste Forms Technology and Performance

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage:

Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage:

An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks

An End State Methodology for Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management, with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks

Tank Wastes Planned for On-Site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

Tank Wastes Planned for On-Site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

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