Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats's Books

An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats

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An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

Report of a Workshop

As part of a study of current and future research in the life sciences that contains applications relevant to development of agents of biological origin 5 to 10 years into the future, an NRC/IOM committee held an international workshop in 2004 to examine advancing technologies from a global point of view. Experts from different fields and from around the world presented their diverse outlooks on these technologies and forces that drive technological progress; local and regional capacities for life sciences research, development, and application (both beneficial and nefarious); national perceptions of the dual-use risk of advancing technologies; and strategic measures that have been taken or could be taken to manage the use of technology for malevolent purposes. This report summarizes the formal and informal discussions held at the workshop.

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156

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309181429

ISBN 13

9780309181426

Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences

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Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences

Biomedical advances have made it possible to identify and manipulate features of living organisms in useful ways-leading to improvements in public health, agriculture, and other areas. The globalization of scientific and technical expertise also means that many scientists and other individuals around the world are generating breakthroughs in the life sciences and related technologies. The risks posed by bioterrorism and the proliferation of biological weapons capabilities have increased concern about how the rapid advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology could enable the production of biological weapons with unique and unpredictable characteristics. Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of Life Sciences examines current trends and future objectives of research in public health, life sciences, and biomedical science that contain applications relevant to developments in biological weapons 5 to 10 years into the future and ways to anticipate, identify, and mitigate these dangers.

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317

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100321

ISBN 13

9780309100328

Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza

Scientific Inquiry, Communication, Controversy: Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Board on Global Health,Board on Life Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Forum on Microbial Threats

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Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza

Scientific Inquiry, Communication, Controversy: Summary of a Workshop

When, in late 2011, it became public knowledge that two research groups had submitted for publication manuscripts that reported on their work on mammalian transmissibility of a lethal H5N1 avian influenza strain, the information caused an international debate about the appropriateness and communication of the researchers' work, the risks associated with the work, partial or complete censorship of scientific publications, and dual-use research of concern in general. Recognizing that the H5N1 research is only the most recent scientific activity subject to widespread attention due to safety and security concerns, on May 1, 2012, the National Research Council's Committee on Science, Technology and Law, in conjunction with the Board on Life Sciences and the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, convened a one-day public workshop for the purposes of 1) discussing the H5N1 controversy; 2) considering responses by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which had funded this research, the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), scientific publishers, and members of the international research community; and 3) providing a forum wherein the concerns and interests of the broader community of stakeholders, including policy makers, biosafety and biosecurity experts, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and the general public might be articulated. Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza: Scientific Enquiry, Communication, Controversy summarizes the proceedings of the workshop.

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133

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309267757

ISBN 13

9780309267755

Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

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Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Space Studies Board,Committee on Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

Recent spacecraft and robotic probes to Mars have yielded data that are changing our understanding significantly about the possibility of existing or past life on that planet. Coupled with advances in biology and life-detection techniques, these developments place increasing importance on the need to protect Mars from contamination by Earth-borne organisms. To help with this effort, NASA requested that the NRC examine existing planetary protection measures for Mars and recommend changes and further research to improve such measures. This report discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. It provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and research to reduce uncertainties in preventing forward contamination of Mars.

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166

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030909724X

ISBN 13

9780309097246

Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: Russian Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States

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Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Proceedings of a Workshop

In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism.

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256

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309102456

ISBN 13

9780309102452

An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

Report of a Workshop

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An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

Report of a Workshop

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156

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309181429

ISBN 13

9780309181426

Countering Bioterrorism

The Role of Science and Technology

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism,Panel on Biological Issues

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Countering Bioterrorism

The Role of Science and Technology

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism,Panel on Biological Issues

The attacks of September 11 and the release of anthrax spores revealed enormous vulnerabilities in the U.S. public-health infrastructure and suggested similar vulnerabilities in the agricultural infrastructure as well. The traditional public health response-surveillance (intelligence), prevention, detection, response, recovery, and attribution-is the paradigm for the national response not only to all forms of terrorism but also to emerging infectious diseases. Thus, investments in research on bioterrorism will have enormous potential for application in the detection, prevention, and treatment of emerging infectious diseases that also are unpredictable and against which we must be prepared. The deciphering of the human genome sequence and the complete elucidation of numerous pathogen genomes, our rapidly increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and of immune responses, and new strategies for designing drugs and vaccines all offer unprecedented opportunities to use science to counter bioterrorist threats. But these same developments also allow science to be misused to create new agents of mass destruction. Hence the effort to confront bioterrorism must be a global one. Countering Bioterrorism makes the following recommendations: Recommendation 1: All agencies with responsibility for homeland security should work together to establish stronger and more meaningful working ties between the intelligence, S&T, and public health communities. Recommendation 2: Federal agencies should work cooperatively and in collaboration with industry to develop and evaluate rapid, sensitive, and specific early-detection technologies. Recommendation 3: Create a global network for detection and surveillance, making use of computerized methods for real-time reporting and analysis to rapidly detect new patterns of disease locally, nationally, and ultimately- internationally. The use of high-throughput methodologies that are being increasingly utilized in modern biological research should be an important component of this expanded and highly automated surveillance strategy. Recommendation 4: Use knowledge of complex biological patterns and high-throughput laboratory automation to classify and diagnose infections in patients in primary care settings. Recommendation 5: USDA should create an agency for control and prevention of plant disease. This agency should have the capabilities necessary to deal effectively with biothreats.

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105

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309086078

ISBN 13

9780309086073

Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

By: International Union of Microbiological Societies,International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,IAPâ¬"The Global Network of Science Academies,Chinese Academy of Sciences,National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention: An International Workshop

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Life Sciences and Related Fields

Trends Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention

During the last decade, national and international scientific organizations have become increasingly engaged in considering how to respond to the biosecurity implications of developments in the life sciences and in assessing trends in science and technology (S&T) relevant to biological and chemical weapons nonproliferation. The latest example is an international workshop, Trends in Science and Technology Relevant to the Biological Weapons Convention, held October 31 - November 3, 2010 at the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Life Sciences and Related Fields summarizes the workshop, plenary, and breakout discussion sessions held during this convention. Given the immense diversity of current research and development, the report is only able to provide an overview of the areas of science and technology the committee believes are potentially relevant to the future of the Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC), although there is an effort to identify areas that seemed particularly ripe for further exploration and analysis. The report offers findings and conclusions organized around three fundamental and frequently cited trends in S&T that affect the scope and operation of the convention: The rapid pace of change in the life sciences and related fields; The increasing diffusion of life sciences research capacity and its applications, both internationally and beyond traditional research institutions; and The extent to which additional scientific and technical disciplines beyond biology are increasingly involved in life sciences research. The report does not make recommendations about policy options to respond to the implications of the identified trends. The choice of such responses rests with the 164 States Parties to the Convention, who must take into account multiple factors beyond the project's focus on the state of the science.

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164

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309210712

ISBN 13

9780309210713

A Strategic Vision for Biological Threat Reduction

The U.S. Department of Defense and Beyond

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Committee on Enhancing Global Health Security through International Biosecurity and Health Engagement Programs

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A Strategic Vision for Biological Threat Reduction

The U.S. Department of Defense and Beyond

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to articulate a 5-year strategic vision for international health security programs and provide findings and recommendations on how to optimize the impact of the Department of Defense (DOD) Biological Threat Reduction Program (BTRP) in fulfilling its biosafety and biosecurity mission. Because BTRP is just one of several U.S. government programs conducting international health security engagement, both the strategic vision and the success of the program rely on coordinating actions with the U.S. government as a whole and with its international partners. This report provides several recommendations for optimizing BTRP success in its current mission and the wider-looking strategic vision it proposes.

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203

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309671825

ISBN 13

9780309671828

Countering Biological Threats

Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Prevention of Proliferation of Biological Weapons in States Beyond the Former Soviet Union

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Countering Biological Threats

Challenges for the Department of Defense's Nonproliferation Program Beyond the Former Soviet Union

In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, this book examines how the unique experience and extensive capabilities of the Department of Defense (DOD) can be extended to reduce the threat of bioterrorism within developing countries outside the former Soviet Union (FSU). During the past 12 years, DOD has invested $800 million in reducing the risk from bioterrorism with roots in the states of the FSU. The program's accomplishments are many fold. The risk of bioterrorism in other countries is too great for DOD not to be among the leaders in addressing threats beyond the FSU. Taking into account possible sensitivities about a U.S. military presence, DOD should engage interested governments in about ten developing countries outside the FSU in biological threat reduction programs during the next five years. Whenever possible, DOD should partner with other organizations that have well established humanitarian reputations in the countries of interest. For example, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization should be considered as potential partners.

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196

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309131766

ISBN 13

9780309131766

BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance

Evaluating Systems for the Early Detection of Biological Threats: Abbreviated Version

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Effectiveness of National Biosurveillance Systems: BioWatch and the Public Health System

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BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance

Evaluating Systems for the Early Detection of Biological Threats: Abbreviated Version

Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the anthrax letters, the ability to detect biological threats as quickly as possible became a top priority. In 2003 the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) introduced the BioWatch program-a federal monitoring system intended to speed detection of specific biological agents that could be released in aerosolized form during a biological attack. The present volume evaluates the costs and merits of both the current BioWatch program and the plans for a new generation of BioWatch devices. BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance also examines infectious disease surveillance through hospitals and public health agencies in the United States, and considers whether BioWatch and traditional infectious disease surveillance are redundant or complementary.

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252

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030918763X

ISBN 13

9780309187633

Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Committee on Laboratory Security and Personnel Reliability Assurance Systems for Laboratories Conducting Research on Biological Select Agents and Toxins

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Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins

The effort to understand and combat infectious diseases has, during the centuries, produced many key advances in science and medicine-including the development of vaccines, drugs, and other treatments. A subset of this research is conducted with agents that, like anthrax, not only pose a severe threat to the health of humans, plants, and animals but can also be used for ill-intended purposes. Such agents have been listed by the government as biological select agents and toxins. The 2001 anthrax letter attacks prompted the creation of new regulations aimed at increasing security for research with dangerous pathogens. The outcome of the anthrax letter investigation has raised concern about whether these measures are adequate. Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins evaluates both the physical security of select agent laboratories and personnel reliability measures designed to ensure the trustworthiness of those with access to biological select agents and toxins. The book offers a set of guiding principles and recommended changes to minimize security risk and facilitate the productivity of research. The book recommends fostering a culture of trust and responsibility in the laboratory, engaging the community in oversight of the Select Agent Program, and enhancing the operation of the Select Agent Program.

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189

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309150299

ISBN 13

9780309150293

Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures

Addressing Problems in the DoD Program to Develop Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare Agents

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Life Sciences,Medical Follow-up Agency,Committee on Accelerating the Research, Development, and Acquisition of Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare Agents

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Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures

Addressing Problems in the DoD Program to Develop Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare Agents

In recent years, substantial efforts have been initiated to develop new drugs, vaccines, and other medical interventions against biological agents that could be used in bioterrorist attacks against civilian populations. According to a new congressionally mandated report from the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, to successfully develop these drugs, vaccines, and other medical interventions against biowarfare agents, Congress should authorize the creation of a new agency within the Office of the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Defense. The committee recommended that Congress should improve liability protections for those who develop and manufacture these products, to stimulate willingness to invest in new research and development for biowarfare protection. Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures also identifies other challengesâ€"such as the need for appropriate animal models and laboratories equipped with high-level biosafety protectionsâ€"that will require attention if DoD efforts to develop new medical countermeasures are to be successful.

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160

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309166519

ISBN 13

9780309166515

The Biological Weapons Green Paper

Report, Together with Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices

By: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee

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The Biological Weapons Green Paper

Report, Together with Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendices

By: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee

This report presents the Committee's considerations on the threat from biological weapons and international measures to control them, in the light of the Government's Green Paper "Strengthening the Biological and toxin weapons convention" published in April 2002 (Cm. 5484, ISBN 0101548427). The Committee finds that the level of threat to the UK from biological weapons must not be underestimated, and that it is a global problem which cannot be addressed through national measures alone. It welcomes the Government's commitment to dealing with the issue internationally, and its decision to launch a debate through publication of the Green Paper. Recommendations include: in the light of current security threats to the UK, the Government strengthen its control over biotechnological research in British universities and research institutions; and consider the establishment of a central authority responsible for control of dangerous pathogens in the UK.

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ISBN 10

0215006739

ISBN 13

9780215006738

The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity

Summary of an International Meeting

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on International Scientific Organizations,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Committee on International Outreach Activities on Biosecurity

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The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity

Summary of an International Meeting

The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity, held in Budapest, Hungary on March 30 - April 2, 2008, represents the efforts of a number of individuals and organizations, over the last five years, to engage the international community of life scientists in addressing how to reduce the risk that the results of their work could be used for hostile purposes by terrorists and states. The participants who gathered in Budapest were already engaged in this challenging task, and, therefore, the focus of the meeting was on what had been accomplished and what challenges remained. There was no attempt to achieve consensus, since there exist real and important differences among those involved concerning the appropriate policies and actions to be undertaken. But there was a serious effort to identify a range of potential next steps, and also an effort to identify opportunities where international scientific organizations could make substantive contributions and offer their advice and expertise to policy discussions. The Forum's presentations, discussions, and results are summarized in this book.

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159

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030917743X

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9780309177436

Book's by Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats

An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences

Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences

Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza

Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza

Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars

Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States

An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks

Countering Bioterrorism

Countering Bioterrorism

Life Sciences and Related Fields

Life Sciences and Related Fields

A Strategic Vision for Biological Threat Reduction

A Strategic Vision for Biological Threat Reduction

Countering Biological Threats

Countering Biological Threats

BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance

BioWatch and Public Health Surveillance

Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins

Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins

Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures

Giving Full Measure to Countermeasures

The Biological Weapons Green Paper

The Biological Weapons Green Paper

The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity

The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity

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