Committee on Academic Careers for Experimental Computer Scientists's Books

Academic Careers for Experimental Computer Scientists and Engineers

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Academic Careers for Experimental Computer Scientists

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Academic Careers for Experimental Computer Scientists and Engineers

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Academic Careers for Experimental Computer Scientists

The information age has grown out of the work of experimental computer science, which is dedicated to the development of new hardware, software, graphics, interfaces, and other computer system technologies. While it is important to society in this larger sense, experimental computer science has found an awkward fit in university environments. This volume examines what is special about experimental computer science and what can be done to achieve a better fit for its practitioners in the academic context.

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152

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309049318

ISBN 13

9780309049313

Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Computing and Communications Research to Enable Better Use of Information Technology in Government

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Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government

Governments have done much to leverage information technology to deploy e-government services, but much work remains before the vision of e-government can be fully realized. Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-government examines the emerging visions for e-government, the technologies required to implement them, and approaches that can be taken to accelerate innovation and the transition of innovative information technologies from the laboratory to operational government systems. In many cases, government can follow the private sector in designing and implementing IT-based services. But there are a number of areas where government requirements differ from those in the commercial world, and in these areas government will need to act on its role as a "demand leader." Although researchers and government agencies may appear to by unlikely allies in this endeavor, both groups have a shared interest in innovation and meeting future needs. E-government innovation will require addressing a broad array of issues, including organization and policy as well as engineering practice and technology research and development, and each of these issues is considered in the book.

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166

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309169623

ISBN 13

9780309169622

The Unpredictable Certainty

Information Infrastructure Through 2000

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,NII 2000 Steering Committee

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The Unpredictable Certainty

Information Infrastructure Through 2000

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,NII 2000 Steering Committee

We have available an impressive array of information technology. We can transmit literature, movies, music, and talk. Government, businesses, and individuals are eager to go on-line to buy, sell, teach, learn, and more. How, then, should we go about developing an infrastructure for on- line communication among everyone everywhere? The Unpredictable Certainty explores the national information infrastructure (NII) as the collection of all public and private information services. But how and when will the NII become a reality? How will more and better services reach the home, small businesses, and remote locations? The Unpredictable Certainty examines who will finance the NII, exploring how technology companies decide to invest in deployment and the the vain search for "killer apps" (applications that drive markets). It discusses who will pay for ongoing services and how they will pay, looking at past cost/price models relevant to the future. The Unpredictable Certainty discusses the underlying technologies, appliances, and services needed before the NII becomes a reality; reviews key features of important technologies; and analyzes current levels of deployment in telephone, cable and broadcast television, and wireless systems, and the difficulties in interconnection. The volume explores the challenge of open interfaces that stimulate new applications but also facilitate competition, the trend toward the separation of infrastructure from specific services, the tension between mature services and new contenders, the growth of the Internet, and more. The roles governments at different levels might play in fostering NII deployment are outlined, including R&D and the use of information infrastructure for better delivery of government services and information.

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298

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030905432X

ISBN 13

9780309054324

Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative

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Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure

By: National Research Council,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative

Maintaining the United States' strong lead in information technology will require continued federal support of research in this area, most of which is currently funded under the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCCI). The Initiative has already accomplished a great deal and should be continued. This book provides 13 major recommendations for refining both HPCCI and support of information technology research in general. It also provides a good overview of the development of HPCC technologies.

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134

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309052777

ISBN 13

9780309052771

Making IT Better

Expanding Information Technology Research to Meet Society's Needs

By: National Research Council,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Information Technology Research in a Competitive World

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Making IT Better

Expanding Information Technology Research to Meet Society's Needs

The flood of information technology (I.T.) products and services entering the market place often obscures the need to nurture the research enterprise. But as I.T. becomes integrated into all aspects of society, the need for research is even greater. And the range of issues that need to be addressed is broader than ever. This new book highlights the fundamental importance of research to ensure that I.T. meets society's expanding needs. Against the background of dramatic change in the I.T. landscape, the committee examines four key questions: Is the scope of I.T. research broad enough-particularly in the arena of large-scale systems-to address government, business, and social applications? Are government and industrial sponsors providing sufficient funding for I.T. research? Is the research net big both big and diverse enough to capture sufficient financial and intellectual resources to advance the field? Are structures and mechanisms for funding and conducting research suited to the new sets of research challenges?

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270

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309069912

ISBN 13

9780309069915

Embedded, Everywhere

A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded Computers

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Networked Systems of Embedded Computers

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Embedded, Everywhere

A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded Computers

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Networked Systems of Embedded Computers

Advances in the miniaturization and networking of microprocessors promise a day when networked computers are embedded throughout the everyday world. However, our current understanding of what such systems would be like is insufficient to bring the promise to reality. Embedded, Everywhere explores the potential of networked systems of embedded computers and the research challenges arising from embedding computation and communications technology into a wide variety of applicationsâ€"from precision agriculture to automotive telematics to defense systems. It describes how these emerging networks operate under unique constraints not present in more traditional distributed systems, such as the Internet. It articulates how these networks will have to be dynamically adaptive and self-configuring, and how new models for approaching programming and computation are necessary. Issues relating to trustworthiness, security, safety, reliability, usability, and privacy are examined in light of the ubiquitous nature of these systems. A comprehensive, systems-oriented research agenda is presented, along with recommendations to major federal funding agencies.

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236

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309075688

ISBN 13

9780309075688

Toward a Safer and More Secure Cyberspace

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Improving Cybersecurity Research in the United States

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Toward a Safer and More Secure Cyberspace

Given the growing importance of cyberspace to nearly all aspects of national life, a secure cyberspace is vitally important to the nation, but cyberspace is far from secure today. The United States faces the real risk that adversaries will exploit vulnerabilities in the nation's critical information systems, thereby causing considerable suffering and damage. Online e-commerce business, government agency files, and identity records are all potential security targets. Toward a Safer and More Secure Cyberspace examines these Internet security vulnerabilities and offers a strategy for future research aimed at countering cyber attacks. It also explores the nature of online threats and some of the reasons why past research for improving cybersecurity has had less impact than anticipated, and considers the human resource base needed to advance the cybersecurity research agenda. This book will be an invaluable resource for Internet security professionals, information technologists, policy makers, data stewards, e-commerce providers, consumer protection advocates, and others interested in digital security and safety.

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329

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309103959

ISBN 13

9780309103954

Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Depicting Innovation in Information Technology

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Continuing Innovation in Information Technology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Depicting Innovation in Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is widely understood to be the enabling technology of the 21st century. IT has transformed, and continues to transform, all aspects of our lives: commerce and finance, education, employment, energy, health care, manufacturing, government, national security, transportation, communications, entertainment, science, and engineering. IT and its impact on the U.S. economy-both directly (the IT sector itself) and indirectly (other sectors that are powered by advances in IT)-continue to grow in size and importance. In 1995, the National Research Council's Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) produced the report Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure. A graphic in that report, often called the "tire tracks" diagram because of its appearance, produced an extraordinary response by clearly linking government investments in academic and industry research to the ultimate creation of new information technology industries with more than $1 billion in annual revenue. Used in presentations to Congress and executive branch decision makers and discussed broadly in the research and innovation policy communities, the tire tracks figure dispelled the assumption that the commercially successful IT industry is self-sufficient, underscoring through long incubation periods of years and even decades. The figure was updated in 2002, 2003, and 2009 reports produced by the CSTB. With the support of the National Science Foundation, CSTB updated the tire tracks figure. Continuing Innovation in Information Technology includes the updated figure and a brief text based in large part on prior CSTB reports.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309259622

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9780309259620

Information Technology for Manufacturing

A Research Agenda

By: Committee to Study Information Technology and Manufacturing,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,National Research Council

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Information Technology for Manufacturing

A Research Agenda

By: Committee to Study Information Technology and Manufacturing,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,National Research Council

This book describes a vision of manufacturing in the twenty-first century that maximizes efficiencies and improvements by exploiting the full power of information and provides a research agenda for information technology and manufacturing that is necessary for success in achieving such a vision. Research on information technology to support product and process design, shop-floor operations, and flexible manufacturing is described. Roles for virtual manufacturing and the information infrastructure are also addressed. A final chapter is devoted to nontechnical research issues.

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191

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309521181

ISBN 13

9780309521185

Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking

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Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee for the Workshops on Computational Thinking

Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking presents a number of perspectives on the definition and applicability of computational thinking. For example, one idea expressed during the workshop is that computational thinking is a fundamental analytical skill that everyone can use to help solve problems, design systems, and understand human behavior, making it useful in a number of fields. Supporters of this viewpoint believe that computational thinking is comparable to the linguistic, mathematical and logical reasoning taught to all children. Various efforts have been made to introduce K-12 students to the most basic and essential computational concepts and college curricula have tried to provide a basis for life-long learning of increasingly new and advanced computational concepts and technologies. At both ends of this spectrum, however, most efforts have not focused on fundamental concepts. The book discusses what some of those fundamental concepts might be. Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking explores the idea that as the use of computational devices is becoming increasingly widespread, computational thinking skills should be promulgated more broadly. The book is an excellent resource for professionals in a wide range of fields including educators and scientists.

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115

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309153727

ISBN 13

9780309153720

Being Fluent with Information Technology

By: Committee on Information Technology Literacy,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,National Research Council

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Being Fluent with Information Technology

By: Committee on Information Technology Literacy,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,National Research Council

Computers, communications, digital information, softwarethe constituents of the information ageare everywhere. Being computer literate, that is technically competent in two or three of todays software applications, is not enough anymore. Individuals who want to realize the potential value of information technology (IT) in their everyday lives need to be computer fluentable to use IT effectively today and to adapt to changes tomorrow. Being Fluent with Information Technology sets the standard for what everyone should know about IT in order to use it effectively now and in the future. It explores three kinds of knowledgeintellectual capabilities, foundational concepts, and skillsthat are essential for fluency with IT. The book presents detailed descriptions and examples of current skills and timeless concepts and capabilities, which will be useful to individuals who use IT and to the instructors who teach them.

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127

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309517419

ISBN 13

9780309517416

Information Technology for Counterterrorism

Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on the Role of Information Technology in Responding to Terrorism

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Information Technology for Counterterrorism

Immediate Actions and Future Possibilities

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on the Role of Information Technology in Responding to Terrorism

Information technology (IT) is essential to virtually all of the nation's critical infrastructures making them vulnerable by a terrorist attack on their IT system. An attack could be on the system itself or use the IT system to launch or exacerbate another type of attack. IT can also be used as a counterterrorism tool. The report concludes that the most devastating consequences of a terrorist attack would occur if it were on or used IT as part of a broader attack. The report presents two recommendations on what can be done in the short term to protect the nation's communications and information systems and several recommendations about what can be done over the longer term. The report also notes the importance of considering how an IT system will be deployed to maximize protection against and usefulness in responding to attacks.

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145

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087368

ISBN 13

9780309087360

Looking Over the Fence at Networks

A Neighbor's View of Networking Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Research Horizons in Networking

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Looking Over the Fence at Networks

A Neighbor's View of Networking Research

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Research Horizons in Networking

A remarkable creation, the Internet encompasses a diversity of networks, technologies, and organizations. The enormous volume and great variety of data carried over it give it a rich complexity and texture. It has proved difficult to characterize, understand, or model in terms of large-scale behaviors and a detailed understanding of traffic behavior. Moreover, because it is very difficult to prototype new networksâ€"or even new networking ideasâ€"on an interesting scale, data-driven analysis and simulation are vital tools for evaluating proposed additions and changes to its design. Some argue that a vision for the future Internet should be to provide users the quality of experience they seek and to accommodate a diversity of interests. Looking Over the Fence at Networks explores how networking research could overcome the evident obstacles to help achieve this vision for the future and otherwise better understand and improve the Internet. This report stresses looking beyond the current Internet and evolutionary modifications thereof and aims to stimulate fresh thinking within the networking research community.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309076137

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9780309076135

Catalyzing Inquiry at the Interface of Computing and Biology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Frontiers at the Interface of Computing and Biology

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Catalyzing Inquiry at the Interface of Computing and Biology

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Frontiers at the Interface of Computing and Biology

Advances in computer science and technology and in biology over the last several years have opened up the possibility for computing to help answer fundamental questions in biology and for biology to help with new approaches to computing. Making the most of the research opportunities at the interface of computing and biology requires the active participation of people from both fields. While past attempts have been made in this direction, circumstances today appear to be much more favorable for progress. To help take advantage of these opportunities, this study was requested of the NRC by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy. The report provides the basis for establishing cross-disciplinary collaboration between biology and computing including an analysis of potential impediments and strategies for overcoming them. The report also presents a wealth of examples that should encourage students in the biological sciences to look for ways to enable them to be more effective users of computing in their studies.

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468

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309164893

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9780309164894

Assessing the Impacts of Changes in the Information Technology R&D Ecosystem

Retaining Leadership in an Increasingly Global Environment

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Assessing the Impacts of Changes in the Information Technology Research and Development Ecosystem

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Assessing the Impacts of Changes in the Information Technology R&D Ecosystem

Retaining Leadership in an Increasingly Global Environment

The U.S. information technology (IT) research and development (R&D) ecosystem was the envy of the world in 1995. However, this position of leadership is not a birthright, and it is now under pressure. In recent years, the rapid globalization of markets, labor pools, and capital flows have encouraged many strong national competitors. During the same period, national policies have not sufficiently buttressed the ecosystem, or have generated side effects that have reduced its effectiveness. As a result, the U.S. position in IT leadership today has materially eroded compared with that of prior decades, and the nation risks ceding IT leadership to other nations within a generation. Assessing the Impacts of Changes in the Information Technology R&D Ecosystem calls for a recommitment to providing the resources needed to fuel U.S. IT innovation, to removing important roadblocks that reduce the ecosystem's effectiveness in generating innovation and the fruits of innovation, and to becoming a lead innovator and user of IT. The book examines these issues and makes recommendations to strengthen the U.S. IT R&D ecosystem.

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205

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309177383

ISBN 13

9780309177382

The Internet's Coming of Age

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on the Internet in the Evolving Information Infrastructure

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The Internet's Coming of Age

What most of us know as "the Internet" is actually a set of largely autonomous, loosely coordinated communication networks. As the influence of the Internet continues to grow, understanding its real nature is imperative to acting on a wide range of policy issues. This timely new book explains basic design choices that underlie the Internet's success, identifies key trends in the evolution of the Internet, evaluates current and prospective technical, operational, and management challenges, and explores the resulting implications for decision makers. The committee-composed of distinguished leaders from both the corporate and academic community-makes recommendations aimed at policy makers, industry, and researchers, going on to discuss a variety of issues: How the Internet's constituent parts are interlinked, and how economic and technical factors make maintaining the Internet's seamless appearance complicated. How the Internet faces scaling challenges as it grows to meet the demands of users in the future. Tensions inherent between open innovation on the Internet and the ability of innovators to capture the commercial value of their breakthroughs. Regulatory issues posed by the Internet's entry into other sectors, such as telephony.

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256

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309069920

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9780309069922

The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing

Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Global Science and Technology,Committee on Global Approaches to Advanced Computing

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The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing

Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Global Science and Technology,Committee on Global Approaches to Advanced Computing

Computing and information and communications technology (ICT) has dramatically changed how we work and live, has had profound effects on nearly every sector of society, has transformed whole industries, and is a key component of U.S. global leadership. A fundamental driver of advances in computing and ICT has been the fact that the single-processor performance has, until recently, been steadily and dramatically increasing year over years, based on a combination of architectural techniques, semiconductor advances, and software improvements. Users, developers, and innovators were able to depend on those increases, translating that performance into numerous technological innovations and creating successive generations of ever more rich and diverse products, software services, and applications that had profound effects across all sectors of society. However, we can no longer depend on those extraordinary advances in single-processor performance continuing. This slowdown in the growth of single-processor computing performance has its roots in fundamental physics and engineering constraints-multiple technological barriers have converged to pose deep research challenges, and the consequences of this shift are deep and profound for computing and for the sectors of the economy that depend on and assume, implicitly or explicitly, ever-increasing performance. From a technology standpoint, these challenges have led to heterogeneous multicore chips and a shift to alternate innovation axes that include, but are not limited to, improving chip performance, mobile devices, and cloud services. As these technical shifts reshape the computing industry, with global consequences, the United States must be prepared to exploit new opportunities and to deal with technical challenges. The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing: Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security outlines the technical challenges, describe the global research landscape, and explore implications for competition and national security.

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117

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309262356

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9780309262354

Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Physics and Astronomy,Committee on Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

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Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences

Traditionally, the natural sciences have been divided into two branches: the biological sciences and the physical sciences. Today, an increasing number of scientists are addressing problems lying at the intersection of the two. These problems are most often biological in nature, but examining them through the lens of the physical sciences can yield exciting results and opportunities. For example, one area producing effective cross-discipline research opportunities centers on the dynamics of systems. Equilibrium, multistability, and stochastic behavior-concepts familiar to physicists and chemists-are now being used to tackle issues associated with living systems such as adaptation, feedback, and emergent behavior. Research at the Intersection of the Physical and Life Sciences discusses how some of the most important scientific and societal challenges can be addressed, at least in part, by collaborative research that lies at the intersection of traditional disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and physics. This book describes how some of the mysteries of the biological world are being addressed using tools and techniques developed in the physical sciences, and identifies five areas of potentially transformative research. Work in these areas would have significant impact in both research and society at large by expanding our understanding of the physical world and by revealing new opportunities for advancing public health, technology, and stewardship of the environment. This book recommends several ways to accelerate such cross-discipline research. Many of these recommendations are directed toward those administering the faculties and resources of our great research institutions-and the stewards of our research funders, making this book an excellent resource for academic and research institutions, scientists, universities, and federal and private funding agencies.

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122

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309147514

ISBN 13

9780309147514

Beyond Bias and Barriers

Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

By: Institute of Medicine,National Academy of Engineering,National Academy of Sciences,Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy,Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

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Beyond Bias and Barriers

Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

The United States economy relies on the productivity, entrepreneurship, and creativity of its people. To maintain its scientific and engineering leadership amid increasing economic and educational globalization, the United States must aggressively pursue the innovative capacity of all its people—women and men. However, women face barriers to success in every field of science and engineering; obstacles that deprive the country of an important source of talent. Without a transformation of academic institutions to tackle such barriers, the future vitality of the U.S. research base and economy are in jeopardy. Beyond Bias and Barriers explains that eliminating gender bias in academia requires immediate overarching reform, including decisive action by university administrators, professional societies, federal funding agencies and foundations, government agencies, and Congress. If implemented and coordinated across public, private, and government sectors, the recommended actions will help to improve workplace environments for all employees while strengthening the foundations of America's competitiveness.

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347

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100429

ISBN 13

9780309100427

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