Committee for the Workshop on Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems's Books

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee for the Workshop on Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

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Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee for the Workshop on Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

The polar regions are experiencing rapid changes in climate. These changes are causing observable ecological impacts of various types and degrees of severity at all ecosystem levels, including society. Even larger changes and more significant impacts are anticipated. As species respond to changing environments over time, their interactions with the physical world and other organisms can also change. This chain of interactions can trigger cascades of impacts throughout entire ecosystems. Evaluating the interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and societal components of polar ecosystems is essential to understanding their vulnerability and resilience to climate forcing. The Polar Research Board (PRB) organized a workshop to address these issues. Experts gathered from a variety of disciplines with knowledge of both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Participants were challenged to consider what is currently known about climate change and polar ecosystems and to identify the next big questions in the field. A set of interdisciplinary "frontier questions" emerged from the workshop discussions as important topics to be addressed in the coming decades. To begin to address these questions, workshop participants discussed the need for holistic, interdisciplinary systems approach to understanding polar ecosystem responses to climate change. As an outcome of the workshop, participants brainstormed methods and technologies that are crucial to advance the understanding of polar ecosystems and to promote the next generation of polar research. These include new and emerging technologies, sustained long-term observations, data synthesis and management, and data dissemination and outreach.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309210879

ISBN 13

9780309210874

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee for the Workshop on Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

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Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee for the Workshop on Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

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ISBN 10

0309210879

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9780309210874

Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

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Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean remains one of the world's last frontiers. Covering nearly 14 million km² (an area approximately 1.4 times the size of the United States), Antarctica is the coldest, driest, highest, and windiest continent on Earth. While it is challenging to live and work in this extreme environment, this region offers many opportunities for scientific research. Ever since the first humans set foot on Antarctica a little more than a century ago, the discoveries made there have advanced our scientific knowledge of the region, the world, and the Universe-but there is still much more to learn. However, conducting scientific research in the harsh environmental conditions of Antarctica is profoundly challenging. Substantial resources are needed to establish and maintain the infrastructure needed to provide heat, light, transportation, and drinking water, while at the same time minimizing pollution of the environment and ensuring the safety of researchers. Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean suggests actions for the United States to achieve success for the next generation of Antarctic and Southern Ocean science. The report highlights important areas of research by encapsulating each into a single, overarching question. The questions fall into two broad themes: (1) those related to global change, and (2) those related to fundamental discoveries. In addition, the report identified key science questions that will drive research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in coming decades, and highlighted opportunities to be leveraged to sustain and improve the U.S. research efforts in the region.

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212

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309214696

ISBN 13

9780309214698

Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Report of the Implementation Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on International Polar Year 2007-2008: Report of the Implementation Workshop

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Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Report of the Implementation Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on International Polar Year 2007-2008: Report of the Implementation Workshop

The International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008 will be an internationally coordinated campaign of polar observations, research, and analysis that will further our understanding of physical and social processes in the polar regions, examine their globally-connected role in the climate system, and establish research infrastructure for the future. Within this context, the IPY will galvanize new and innovative observations and research while at the same time building on and enhancing existing relevant initiatives. It also will serve as a mechanism to attract and develop a new generation of scientists and engineers with the versatility to tackle complex global issues. In 2004, the National Academies' Polar Research Board organized a workshop to explore the challenges associated with these initiatives. Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008 summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309182379

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9780309182379

Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Ocean Studies Board,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability: A Workshop

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Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability

Proceedings of a Workshop

Many factors contribute to variability in Earth's climate on a range of timescales, from seasons to decades. Natural climate variability arises from two different sources: (1) internal variability from interactions among components of the climate system, for example, between the ocean and the atmosphere, and (2) natural external forcings, such as variations in the amount of radiation from the Sun. External forcings on the climate system also arise from some human activities, such as the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols. The climate that we experience is a combination of all of these factors. Understanding climate variability on the decadal timescale is important to decision-making. Planners and policy makers want information about decadal variability in order to make decisions in a range of sectors, including for infrastructure, water resources, agriculture, and energy. In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine variability in Earth's climate on decadal timescales, defined as 10 to 30 years. During the workshop, ocean and climate scientists reviewed the state of the science of decadal climate variability and its relationship to rates of human-caused global warming, and they explored opportunities for improvement in modeling and observations and assessing knowledge gaps. Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309444616

ISBN 13

9780309444613

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

By: National Research Council,Polar Research Board,Committee on Frontiers in Polar Biology

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Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

By: National Research Council,Polar Research Board,Committee on Frontiers in Polar Biology

As we enter the twenty-first century, the polar biological sciences stand well poised to address numerous important issues, many of which were unrecognized as little as 10 years ago. From the effects of global warming on polar organisms to the potential for life in subglacial Lake Vostok, the opportunities to advance our understanding of polar ecosystems are unprecedented. The era of "genome-enabled" biology is upon us, and new technologies will allow us to examine polar biological questions of unprecedented scope and to do so with extraordinary depth and precision. Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Revolution highlights research areas in polar biology that can benefit from genomic technologies and assesses the impediments to the conduct of polar genomic research. It also emphasizes the importance of ancillary technologies to the successful application of genomic technologies to polar studies. It recommends the development of a new initiative in polar genome sciences that emphasizes collaborative multidisciplinary research to facilitate genome analyses of polar organisms and coordinate research efforts.

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187

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309087279

ISBN 13

9780309087278

Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Report of the Implementation Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on International Polar Year 2007-2008: Report of the Implementation Workshop

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Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Report of the Implementation Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on International Polar Year 2007-2008: Report of the Implementation Workshop

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0309182379

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9780309182379

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

By: National Research Council,Polar Research Board,Committee on Frontiers in Polar Biology

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Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

By: National Research Council,Polar Research Board,Committee on Frontiers in Polar Biology

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187

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National Academies Press

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0309087279

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9780309087278

Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns

Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee on Linkages Between Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns: A Workshop

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Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns

Summary of a Workshop

The Arctic has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. Average temperatures are rising twice as fast as they are elsewhere in the world. The extent and thickness of sea ice is rapidly declining. Such changes may have an impact on atmospheric conditions outside the region. Several hypotheses for how Arctic warming may be influencing mid-latitude weather patterns have been proposed recently. For example, Arctic warming could lead to a weakened jet stream resulting in more persistent weather patterns in the mid-latitudes. Or Arctic sea ice loss could lead to an increase of snow on high-latitude land, which in turn impacts the jet stream resulting in cold Eurasian and North American winters. These and other potential connections between a warming Arctic and mid-latitude weather are the subject of active research. Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns is the summary of a workshop convened in September 2013 by the National Research Council to review our current understanding and to discuss research needed to better understand proposed linkages. A diverse array of experts examined linkages between a warming Arctic and mid-latitude weather patterns. The workshop included presentations from leading researchers representing a range of views on this topic. The workshop was organized to allow participants to take a global perspective and consider the influence of the Arctic in the context of forcing from other components of the climate system, such as changes in the tropics, ocean circulation, and mid-latitude sea surface temperature. This report discusses our current understanding of the mechanisms that link declines in Arctic sea ice cover, loss of high-latitude snow cover, changes in Arctic-region energy fluxes, atmospheric circulation patterns, and the occurrence of extreme weather events; possible implications of more severe loss of summer Arctic sea ice upon weather patterns at lower latitudes; major gaps in our understanding, and observational and/or modeling efforts that are needed to fill those gaps; and current opportunities and limitations for using Arctic sea ice predictions to assess the risk of temperature/precipitation anomalies and extreme weather events over northern continents.

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ISBN 10

0309301912

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9780309301916

Enhancing NASA's Contributions to Polar Science

A Review of Polar Geophysical Data Sets

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee to Review NASA's Polar Geophysical Data Sets

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Enhancing NASA's Contributions to Polar Science

A Review of Polar Geophysical Data Sets

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee to Review NASA's Polar Geophysical Data Sets

The high latitudes of the Arctic and Antarctic, together with some mountainous areas with glaciers and long-lasting snow, are sometimes called the cryosphere-defined as that portion of the planet where water is perennially or seasonally frozen as sea ice, snow cover, permafrost, ice sheets, and glaciers. Variations in the extent and characteristics of surface ice and snow in the high latitudes are of fundamental importance to global climate because of the amount of the sun's radiation that is reflected from these often white surfaces. Thus, the cryosphere is an important frontier for scientists seeking to understand past climate events, current weather, and climate variability. Obtaining the data necessary for such research requires the capability to observe and measure a variety of characteristics and processes exhibited by major ice sheets and large-scale patterns of snow and sea ice extent, and much of these data are gathered using satellites. As part of its efforts to better support the researchers studying the cryosphere and climate, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-using sophisticated satellite technology-measures a range of variables from atmospheric temperature, cloud properties, and aerosol concentration to ice sheet elevation, snow cover on land, and ocean salinity. These raw data are compiled and processed into products, or data sets, useful to scientists. These so-called "polar geophysical data sets" can then be studied and interpreted to answer questions related to atmosphere and climate, ice sheets, terrestrial systems, sea ice, ocean processes, and many other phenomena in the cryosphere. The goal of this report is to provide a brief review of the strategy, scope, and quality of existing polar geophysical data sets and help NASA find ways to make these products and future polar data sets more useful to researchers, especially those working on the global change questions that lie at the heart of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise.

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139

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309171113

ISBN 13

9780309171113

The Arctic in the Anthropocene

Emerging Research Questions

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on Emerging Research Questions in the Arctic

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The Arctic in the Anthropocene

Emerging Research Questions

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Polar Research Board,Committee on Emerging Research Questions in the Arctic

Once ice-bound, difficult to access, and largely ignored by the rest of the world, the Arctic is now front and center in the midst of many important questions facing the world today. Our daily weather, what we eat, and coastal flooding are all interconnected with the future of the Arctic. The year 2012 was an astounding year for Arctic change. The summer sea ice volume smashed previous records, losing approximately 75 percent of its value since 1980 and half of its areal coverage. Multiple records were also broken when 97 percent of Greenland's surface experienced melt conditions in 2012, the largest melt extent in the satellite era. Receding ice caps in Arctic Canada are now exposing land surfaces that have been continuously ice covered for more than 40,000 years. What happens in the Arctic has far-reaching implications around the world. Loss of snow and ice exacerbates climate change and is the largest contributor to expected global sea level rise during the next century. Ten percent of the world's fish catches comes from Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated that up to 13 percent of the world's remaining oil reserves are in the Arctic. The geologic history of the Arctic may hold vital clues about massive volcanic eruptions and the consequent release of massive amount of coal fly ash that is thought to have caused mass extinctions in the distant past. How will these changes affect the rest of Earth? What research should we invest in to best understand this previously hidden land, manage impacts of change on Arctic communities, and cooperate with researchers from other nations? The Arctic in the Anthropocene reviews research questions previously identified by Arctic researchers, and then highlights the new questions that have emerged in the wake of and expectation of further rapid Arctic change, as well as new capabilities to address them. This report is meant to guide future directions in U.S. Arctic research so that research is targeted on critical scientific and societal questions and conducted as effectively as possible. The Arctic in the Anthropocene identifies both a disciplinary and a cross-cutting research strategy for the next 10 to 20 years, and evaluates infrastructure needs and collaboration opportunities. The climate, biology, and society in the Arctic are changing in rapid, complex, and interactive ways. Understanding the Arctic system has never been more critical; thus, Arctic research has never been more important. This report will be a resource for institutions, funders, policy makers, and students. Written in an engaging style, The Arctic in the Anthropocene paints a picture of one of the last unknown places on this planet, and communicates the excitement and importance of the discoveries and challenges that lie ahead.

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240

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ISBN 10

0309301866

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9780309301862

Book's by Committee for the Workshop on Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Future Science Opportunities in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability

Frontiers in Decadal Climate Variability

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Planning for the International Polar Year 2007-2008

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

Frontiers in Polar Biology in the Genomic Era

Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns

Linkages Between Arctic Warming and Mid-Latitude Weather Patterns

Enhancing NASA's Contributions to Polar Science

Enhancing NASA's Contributions to Polar Science

The Arctic in the Anthropocene

The Arctic in the Anthropocene

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