Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the: Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
Reports the recommendations and conclusions of an expert committee convened to assess progress in implementation of the Global Malaria Control Strategy adopted in 1992. Issued at a time when malaria control is one of the highest priorities at WHO the report offers expert advice on the full range of questions - from the best measures for ensuring early diagnosis and prompt treatment to strategies for the prevention of drug resistance - that can help countries strengthen programmes for control. The report opens with fact figures and maps profiling the current global malaria situation including trends in the spread and intensification of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs. Section two considers the extent to which each of four technical elements of the global strategy has been implemented over the past decade. The relationship of malaria control programmes to health sector reforms is explored in the next section which focuses on the impact of health system decentralization reforms in health-care financing and the growth of partnerships with communities and the private sector. Against this background the components of proper disease management are presented and discussed in terms of their relevance to control programmes. Topics covered include the advantages and disadvantages of diagnosis based on clinical observations the role of microscopical and other tests for parasite detection and the factors to consider when deciding on treatment objectives and recommended drugs. The difficult question of drug supply in the absence of formal health services is also considered. Subsequent sections offer advice on techniques for monitoring drug resistance and therapeutic efficacy strategies for the containment of parasite drug resistance and methods for the prediction and control of malaria epidemics. A section on the prevention of malaria describes various approaches to vector control including the use of insecticide-treated bednets and other materials the management of malaria in development projects and the current status of drugs used for chemoprophylaxis. The remaining sections discuss information systems and operational research and describe WHO's new Roll Back Malaria initiative.
Annotation. Despite considerable progress in malaria control over the last 10 years, malaria is still a serious problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where about 90 per cent of clinical cases occur. Malaria, either alone or in combination with other diseases, is estimated to kill between 1.1 and 2.7 million people worldwide each year. This report analyses the effect of health sector reforms on malaria control programmes.
Admittedly, the world and the nature of forced migration have changed a great deal over the last two decades. The relevance of data accumulated during that time period can now be called into question. The roundtable and the Program on Forced Migration at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University have commissioned a series of epidemiological reviews on priority public health problems for forced migrants that will update the state of knowledge. Malaria Control During Mass Population Movements and Natural Disasters- the first in the series, provides a basic overview of the state of knowledge of epidemiology of malaria and public health interventions and practices for controlling the disease in situations involving forced migration and conflict.
The Canadian Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Malaria Among International Travellers ... are designed for Canadian health practitioners who are preparing travellers to visit areas with malaria risk and for those who are dealing with ill returned travellers." -- Page 1.
Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the: Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
Emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels have ushered in a new epoch where human activities will largely determine the evolution of Earth's climate. Because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is long lived, it can effectively lock the Earth and future generations into a range of impacts, some of which could become very severe. Emissions reductions decisions made today matter in determining impacts experienced not just over the next few decades, but in the coming centuries and millennia. According to Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts Over Decades to Millennia, important policy decisions can be informed by recent advances in climate science that quantify the relationships between increases in carbon dioxide and global warming, related climate changes, and resulting impacts, such as changes in streamflow, wildfires, crop productivity, extreme hot summers, and sea level rise. One way to inform these choices is to consider the projected climate changes and impacts that would occur if greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were stabilized at a particular concentration level. The book quantifies the outcomes of different stabilization targets for greenhouse gas concentrations using analyses and information drawn from the scientific literature. Although it does not recommend or justify any particular stabilization target, it does provide important scientific insights about the relationships among emissions, greenhouse gas concentrations, temperatures, and impacts. Climate Stabilization Targets emphasizes the importance of 21st century choices regarding long-term climate stabilization. It is a useful resource for scientists, educators and policy makers, among others.
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