This explorative, primary data-based study provides findings on the first nearly two decades of the emerging supermarket industry in Bangladesh, in particular its capital city Dhaka. The objective is thereby twofold: On the one hand, the study traces the so-far development of supermarkets in Dhaka, and Bangladesh, and depicts current hindering factors to the local supermarket industry’s further development, as well as supermarket managers’ measures to tackle these challenges. On the other hand, the study explores the (potential) implications of emerging supermarkets for other food retailers on-site. To this end, the study’s focus lies on so-called wet markets (Bengali: kacha bazars) as an exemplary “traditional” food retail format. Here, the study strives for the determination of supermarkets’ competitive pressure on kacha bazars in Dhaka, and kacha bazar vendors’ corresponding (proactive) coping strategies. The study is based on theoretical and conceptional reflections on markets and market structures, the fundamentals of retail management and modern food retail, and research findings on supermarkets’ structural impact on food retail markets in other country contexts.
In the first book-length treatment of the application of feminist theories of international law, Charlesworth and Chinkin argue that the absence of women in the development of international law has produced a narrow and inadequate jurisprudence that has legitimated the unequal position of women worldwide rather than confronting it. The boundaries of international law provides a feminist perspective on the structure, processes and substance of international law, shedding new light on treaty law, the concept of statehood and the right of self-determination, the role of international institutions and the law of human rights. Concluding with a consideration of whether the inclusion of women in the jurisdiction of international war crimes tribunals represents a significant shift in the boundaries of international law, the book encourages a dramatic rethinking of the discipline of international law. With a new introduction that reflects on the profound changes in international law since the book’s first publication in 2000, this provocative volume is essential reading for scholars, practitioners and students alike.
This is a study of the principal negotiating processes and law-making tools through which contemporary international law is made. It does not seek to give an account of the traditional - and untraditional - sources and theories of international law, but rather to identify the processes, participants and instruments employed in the making of international law. It accordingly examines some of the mechanisms and procedures whereby new rules of law are created or old rules are amended or abrogated. It concentrates on the UN, other international organisations, diplomatic conferences, codification bodies, NGOs, and courts. Every society perceives the need to differentiate between its legal norms and other norms controlling social, economic and political behaviour. But unlike domestic legal systems where this distinction is typically determined by constitutional provisions, the decentralised nature of the international legal system makes this a complex and contested issue. Moreover, contemporary international law is often the product of a subtle and evolving interplay of law-making instruments, both binding and non-binding, and of customary law and general principles. Only in this broader context can the significance of so-called 'soft law' and multilateral treaties be fully appreciated. An important question posed by any examination of international law-making structures is the extent to which we can or should make judgments about their legitimacy and coherence, and if so in what terms. Put simply, a law-making process perceived to be illegitimate or incoherent is more likely to be an ineffective process. From this perspective, the assumption of law-making power by the UN Security Council offers unique advantages of speed and universality, but it also poses a particular challenge to the development of a more open and participatory process observable in other international law-making bodies.
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