Originally published in 1993, the starting place for this book is the notion, current in the literature for around 30 years at that time, that children could not learn their native language without substantial innate knowledge of its grammatical structure. It is argued that the notion is as problematic for contemporary theories of development as it was for theories of the past. Accepting this, the book attempts an in-depth study of the notions credibility. Central to the book’s argument is the conclusion that the innateness hypothesis runs into two major problems. Firstly, its proponents are too ready to treat children as embryonic linguists, concerned with the representation of sentences as an end in itself. A more realistic approach would be to regard children as communication engineers, storing sentences to optimize the production and retrieval of meaning. Secondly, even when the communication analogy is adopted, it is glibly assumed that the meanings children impute will be the ones adults intend. One of the book’s major contentions is that a careful reading of contemporary research suggests that the meanings may differ considerably. Identifying such problems, the book considers how development should proceed, given learning along communication lines and a more plausible analysis of meaning. It makes detailed predictions about what would be anticipated given no innate knowledge of grammar. Focusing on English but giving full acknowledgement to cross-linguistic research, it concludes that the predictions are consistent with both the known timescale of learning and the established facts about children’s knowledge. Thus the book aspires to a serious challenge to the innateness hypothesis via, as its final chapter will argue, a model which is much more reassuring to psychological theory.
This new book for mathematics and mathematics education majors helps students gain an appreciation of geometry and its importance in the history and development of mathematics. The material is presented in three parts. The first is devoted to a rigorous introduction of Euclidean geometry, the second covers various noneuclidean geometries, and the last part delves into symmetry and polyhedra. Historical contexts accompany each topic. Exercises and activities are interwoven with the text to enable the students to explore geometry. Some of the activities take advantage of geometric software so students - in particular, future teachers - gain a better understanding of its capabilities. Others explore the construction of simple models or use manipulatives allowing students to experience the hands-on, creative side of mathematics. While this text contains a rigorous mathematical presentation, key design features and activities allow it to be used successfully in mathematics for teachers courses as well.
Praise for the previous edition: "This inexpensive, well-written source is ideal for general readers wanting further information about the disease or clearer explanations of medical terminology associated with the condition. Recommended."—Choice "Recommended for academic and public libraries."—Library Journal "...useful...a good choice for consumer-health collections."—Booklist Diabetes includes two diseases: Type 1, in which the body does not produce insulin, and Type 2, in which the body can no longer use the insulin it produces. Each one follows different courses of progression and requires different types of treatments. The occurrence of Type 2 diabetes—linked to diet, obesity, and inactivity—is on the rise. More than 30 million American children and adults suffer from diabetes, and approximately 1.5 million new cases are diagnosed each year in the United States, according to the American Diabetes Association. As doctors and researchers learn more about the causes of diabetes and develop new medications and forms of treatment, many patients can get their illness under control and avoid the worst of its consequences. The Encyclopedia of Diabetes, Third Edition is a complete guide to the different types of this disease, signs and symptoms, and management and treatment. More than 250 entries explain the causes of diabetes, how the disease affects the body, and how it impacts daily life. Key topics include: Carbohydrate and carbohydrate counting Complications of diabetes Diabetic eye diseases Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy Emergency issues Gestational diabetes Insulin and insulin pumps Lifestyle adaptations Medications.
‘Heat breaks up charcoal and puts sulphur dioxide in’; ‘The air pulls faster on heavy masses.’ These and other similar statements by school-aged children untutored in physics carry two messages. First, children’s pre-instructional conceptions of the physical world are a far cry from the received wisdom of science; second, despite their lack of orthodoxy, children’s conceptions carry a definite sense of causal mechanism. This sense of mechanism is the focal concern of this book, originally published in 1998, for it raises issues of central importance to both psychological theory and educational practice. In particular, some psychologists have claimed that human cognition is organised around causal mechanisms along the lines of a theory. This carries specific implications for teaching. Does the existence in children’s thinking of causal mechanisms relating to the physical world support these psychologists? Does this have consequences for the teaching of science? Christine Howe reviews evidence relating to pre-instructional conceptions in three broad topic areas: heat and temperature; force and motion; floating and sinking. A wide range of published work is discussed, including the author’s own research. In addition, a new study covering all three topic areas is reported for the first time. The message is that causal mechanisms can indeed play an organising role, that untutored cognition can in other words be genuinely theoretical. However, this tendency is highly domain-specific, occurring in some topic areas but not in others. Having drawn these conclusions, Christine Howe discusses their meaning in terms of both cognitive development and educational practice. A model is outlined which synthesises Piagetian action-groundedness with Vygotskyan cultural-symbolism and has a distinctive message for classrooms. This title will be useful to cognitive and developmental psychologists and to science educators alike.
The best and first available guide to the members of the newly elected Congress is "Politics in America". Readers will discover "who's who" on Capitol Hill, thanks to profiles of the newly elected as well as incumbents. Key facts are highlighted--biographical data, committee assignments, election results, votes on key issues, and more. The CD-ROM includes all member information, photos, and maps from the book. 600 photos. 75 illustrations.
Behind Closed Doors tells the story of two mothers who began investigating serious health issues in their own son and daughter—and ended up writing an expose about the declining health of an entire generation of American children. In their relentless attempts to improve the health of their own children, they uncovered harmful trends in our food, pharmaceuticals, and environment, all stemming from weak laws and conflicts of interest. What they discovered shocked and ultimately empowered them to get actively involved in questioning and reforming these harmful, out-of-balance practices, and to inspire other moms to do the same. Behind Closed Doors not only offers scientifically verified evidence of how declining industry practices are harming our kids, but showcases solutions like environmental medicine and other integrative health practices, shares personal success stories, and provides tools and solutions parents can immediately implement—equipping and inspiring us all to stand together for change.
Noted historian Christine DeLucia offers a major reconsideration of the violent seventeenth-century conflict in northeastern America known as King Philip’s War, providing an alternative to Pilgrim-centric narratives that have conventionally dominated the histories of colonial New England. DeLucia grounds her study of one of the most devastating conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers in early America in five specific places that were directly affected by the crisis, spanning the Northeast as well as the Atlantic world. She examines the war’s effects on the everyday lives and collective mentalities of the region’s diverse Native and Euro-American communities over the course of several centuries, focusing on persistent struggles over land and water, sovereignty, resistance, cultural memory, and intercultural interactions. An enlightening work that draws from oral traditions, archival traces, material and visual culture, archaeology, literature, and environmental studies, this study reassesses the nature and enduring legacies of a watershed historical event.
Written for social work degree students, this practical book looks at the experience of children in need who live in state care and the social worker’s role in working with these children. Topics include relevant studies and legislation, residential care, foster care, adoption and leaving care. The book also looks at the needs of children and young people living away from home and discusses both the Looked After Children (LAC) system and consultation with looked after children. Throughout, practical examples and case studies encourage readers to apply their new knowledge to practice.
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