Once more, we were delighted to take on the task of updating this text for its 14th edition, having taken over editorial responsibilities from the late John Adams from the 13th edition. In our preface to the previous edition, we recorded the sudden passing of Professor Adams. Sadly, in this preface, we must note another passing: on 30 March 2018, Patrick Atiyah, who wrote the 1st-8th editions of this book and continues to give the book its name, passed away at the age of 87. Patrick was one of those giants of academic contract law whose contributions continue to be read and to inspire scholars everywhere. We are both mindful of our task to maintain the scholarly rigour which he gave to this book as we take it into the future. This edition is also the first time since the 9th edition without a Scottish editor. Professor Hector MacQueen had been responsible for adding Scottish content since the 10th edition (2001), but decided that he would discontinue this role after the 13th editio n was published in 2016. We are very grateful for Hector's contributions to the work. On the advice of the book's publishers, this edition has been put together without the benefit of a Scottish editor, although we have, of course, continued to take decisions from the Scottish courts into account in updating the various chapters. Since the last edition was published, there have been few major developments in the law on the sale of goods, aside from the difficult ruling by the Supreme Court in PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC v OW Bunker Malta Ltd [2016] UKSC 23 (which arrived too late for proper consideration in the previous edition). We have updated the text in light of recent cases and academic writings where appropriate. Furthermore, we have continued our task of streamlining the running order of the chapters, and we have sought to make gentle updates to the language of the book, preserving its rigour but ensuring it remains accessible to a contemporary audience. In some instances, we have ^curtailed or removed altogether the detailed discussion of the pre-1994 case-law which had become redundant as a result of the changes made to the Sale of Goods Act at that time. The rise of digital technology and new business models in the digital economy will invariably have an impact on the law concerning the sale of goods, but at this point, the real impact is not yet known. In some places, we have alluded to the possible significance of digital technology, and this could well become a more significant theme in future editions"--
In-depth coverage in a single handbook of the middle market based on the body of knowledge of the Certified M&A Advisor credential program M&A advisors have an unprecedented opportunity in the middle market with the generational transfer of wealth and capital being deployed by private equity and corporate investors. Middle Market M&A: Handbook for Investment Banking and Business Consulting is a must-read for investment bankers, M&A intermediaries and specialists, CPAs and accountants, valuation experts, deal and transaction attorneys, wealth managers and investors, corporate development leaders, consultants and advisors, CEOs, and CFOs. Provides a holistic overview and guide on mergers, acquisitions, divestitures and strategic transactions of companies with revenues from $5 million to $500 million Encompasses current market trends, activities, and strategies covering pre, during, and post transaction Addresses the processes and core subject areas required to successfully navigate and close deals in the private capital market Includes content on engagement and practice management for those involved in the M&A business This practical guide and reference is also an excellent primer for those seeking to obtain their FINRA Series 79 license.
Fully revised and updated third edition A Practical Guide to Using Repo Master Agreements is the essential book for all who need to know about the international repo market and its products, the important legal, credit and regulatory issues in this space, and most of all need to understand the contents of repo master agreements so that they can negotiate them safely and confidently. The book is written by two of the world’s leading commentators on the subject, Paul C Harding and Christian A Johnson and its coverage is comprehensive. This new third edition principally offers readers a detailed guide to the most widely used European and US repo master agreements through a clause-by-clause text and commentary on each master agreement. This commentary is written in clear English for a good, swift understanding of the implications of each provision. The full texts of each repo master agreement are reproduced in the appendices with the kind permission of the trade associations concerned. Triparty repo is an important part of the US repo market and clause-by-clause commentary and a full text of the Bank of New York Mellon Tri-party Custodial Repo Agreement (2016) is also provided. This third edition has been updated to include: -- The new, updated Bank of New York Mellon Tri-party Custodial Repo Agreement (2016). -- A summary of recent developments in the European and US repo markets since 2012. -- Fresh examples of clauses parties seek to negotiate in these agreements. -- A comprehensive and easy-to-navigate table of contents to find items of greatest interest quickly. This book is principally aimed at lawyers and paralegals who negotiate ICMA and SIFMA repo master agreements. Other professionals in the European and US securities markets will also find this book useful. These could include traders, credit officers and regulators as well as academics specialising in financial securities. Such professionals may work for commercial or investment banks, law firms, treasury units, central banks, pension funds and fund managers. Such is the broad potential appeal of this must-have book which caters for the novice and seasoned negotiator alike.
Litigation Services Handbook, Fourth Edition is referred to as the litigation bible. Its nearly 50 chapters read like a who's who in law and accounting. The handbook includes all aspects of litigation services, including current environments, the process itself, a wealth of cases, how to prove damages, and practical considerations of court appearances. The new edition has a heavy focus on fraud investigations and complying with Sarbanes-Oxley requirements.
An approach to taxation that goes beyond an emphasis on tax rates to consider such aspects as administration, compliance, and remittance. Despite its theoretical elegance, the standard optimal tax model has significant limitations. In this book, Joel Slemrod and Christian Gillitzer argue that tax analysis must move beyond the emphasis on optimal tax rates and bases to consider such aspects of taxation as administration, compliance, and remittance. Slemrod and Gillitzer explore what they term a tax-systems approach, which takes tax evasion seriously; revisits the issue of remittance, or who writes the check to cover tax liability (employer or employee, retailer or consumer); incorporates administrative and compliance costs; recognizes a range of behavioral responses to tax rates; considers nonstandard instruments, including tax base breadth and enforcement effort; and acknowledges that tighter enforcement is sometimes a more socially desirable way to raise revenue than an increase in statutory tax rates. Policy makers, Slemrod and Gillitzer argue, would be well advised to recognize the interrelationship of tax rates, bases, enforcement, and administration, and acknowledge that tax policy is really tax-systems policy.
Writing on an often overlooked section of contemporary Persian culture, A. Christian van Gorder provides a comprehensive and readable introduction to the experience of Christians and other non-Muslims in Iran throughout history and into the present day. Van Gorder gives a fascinating account of the history of Christianity in Persia. By debunking the common misconceptions and stereotypes driven by recent political events and the media, he shows the current relationship that the Muslim majority in Iran has developed with people of other faiths. Book jacket.
This book focuses on economic bargaining theory. Economic bargaining theory seeks to predict the outcomes of bargaining situations. In such situations, govern ments, ?rms, or individuals share a mutual interest in cooperation; however, they also have con?icting interests regarding the terms of an agreement. A classic ex ample of such a situation is wage bargaining between unions and employers. More commonplace examples also exist. For instance, a discussion between partners on how to spend an evening can be understood as a bargaining situation. Economic bargaining theory explores the relationship between bargaining situ ations and the outcomes of the bargaining. Economists have two primary reasons to show interest in this relationship. The ?rst reason is that many important human interactions, including economic interactions, are bargaining situations. The second reason is that the understanding of these situations may inform the economic theory of markets. The tool utilized in this study is the mathematical theory of games. Predictions for bargaining outcomes are developed by modeling the bargaining situation as a strategic game and using game theoretic equilibrium concepts in order to solve the game. In this approach, the speci?c identi?ed bargaining outcome depends on the assumptions underlying the model. The neoclassical and fundamental assumption is that of rational agents—called economic men—who strive to maximize their utility based on stable preferences.
Even though Christian claimed to be a “Follower of Christ”, he had a deep dark secret, and God knows all about it. One day, God wasn’t letting him hide it any longer. Christian would have to tell his wife, his best friend, the truth. Later, God would teach him many lessons and lead him into many blessings. Find out why Christian said, “God I Quit!”
Certain assumptions about man's creativity in relation to his chronological age have become so widely accepted as fact that the findings of this book will surprise both general reader and specialist and may have far-reaching effects on established patterns of thought in psychology and in education. The book is a statistical evaluation of achievement in relation to age, assembling an incredible amount of factual information on the acres of b superlative achievement in every field from prize-fighting to philosophy. Originally published in 1953. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
This book presents a detailed analysis of the function of consumer product guarantees and the related legal issues. It applies research findings from the fields of consumer complaining behaviour, marketing science and economics to the legal context. Its central argument is that guarantees could be one way of assisting consumers in resolving product quality disputes. Consumers tend to seek to resolve such disputes informally by complaining, rather than by seeking to go through the courts or structured forms of alternative dispute resolution. Such complaints can be supported by encouraging reliance on consumer product guarantees, particularly where consumers also enjoy strong legal rights. With this in mind, the book develops a legal framework for consumer guarantees, which is based on two key principles: fairness and transparency. There then follows an analysis of English and EC provisions on guarantees, as well as of relevant US law. Particular consideration is given to the relationship between consumer guarantees and statutory rights.
Businesses today are faced with avalanche of information. There is need to effectively manage information to serve customers better. In today's highly competitive environment, businesses need to be able to organize and coordinate their information so that a single view of information is maintained by all the service channels. Information management can help to understand customers? wants and needs and integrate such in product design. It helps to manage inventory and reduces both cost and the cycle time to introduce new products to the marketplace. Time-to-market is a critical issue in achieving competitiveness and without the availability of timely and accurate information; it will not be possible to respond proactively to the changing market environment. This book is about ERP and Supply Chain Management. ERP is the short form for Enterprise Resource Planning. The aim of ERP is to integrate the functions of the different business units and departments such as finance, operations, accounting and human resources. This integration is necessary to organize and coordinate information that may be scattered in different departments and making them available in an organized format to the different decision centers where they may be needed. Through this integrative approach, the different functional units of the business are able to share a common database, exchange information, and have consistent view of their operations. This consistent view is also presented to the customer thus improving the quality of customer service. With the integration of the information system, the different functional departments work together to achieve common organizational goals and objectives. Without suchintegration, common customer services such as order processing would be difficult to track and inconsistent information may be relayed by the different departments to the customer. Supply chain management is an integral aspect of ERP. Businesses today focus on their core competence. It is no longer technically and economically feasible to focus on all activities. Rather, certain activities may be shifted to partners or vendors that have core competence in such areas. Mercedes Benz may find it better to subcontract its radios to Bose while focusing on its car designing. Yet, these two companies may need to share key information on customers? wants and needs as well as information on product designs. Integrating a supplier into the common database helps in providing quality products and services that will satisfy the needs of the customer. Information technology plays a critical role in effective development of ERP system. As many businesses develop online marketplace, it becomes even more important to develop a single view of transactions to all value chain partners including customers, manufacturer, suppliers and other vendors. This book therefore adopts a focus on ERP and Supply Chain Management to develop better plans to better serve the customer. It adopts a management and a systemic perspective of these issues and does not deal with the software aspects of ERP. The focus is on the fundamentals rather than on the advanced issues. The book is intended to help managers, executives, and students to understand the basic concepts of ERP and Supply Chain Management.
Against the background of the creation of an EU-wide frame of reference for private law relevant to the Common Market, this study, which was requested by the EU Commission, analyses the dovetailing between contract and tort law on the one hand, and between contract and property law on the other. The study examines the legal orders of almost all the Member States of the EU, illustrates the differences between contractual and non-contractual liability and evaluates the different systems of the transfer of property, of movable and immovable securities as well as trust law. The study comes to the conclusion that the intensive considerations on the creation of a model-law in the area of European private law do not allow these thoughts to be limited to contract law. Such a limitation to the scope of the regarding of this area would probably cause more problems than it would solve, or at any rate not do justice to the needs of the Common Market.
CONSTRUCTION MICROECONOMICS Unique and comprehensive reference describing microeconomic approaches, theories, and models adapted to and developed for the construction industry Construction Microeconomics provides comprehensive coverage of microeconomics applied to the construction industry, focusing on construction clients, who initiate construction projects, and on contractors who transform the ideas and plans of clients into infrastructure and buildings. With the help of microeconomic theory, it tries to answer questions about decision-making by clients, contractors, and governments with respect to projects in the built environment. It includes discussions of alternative theories to mainstream microeconomics, such as new institutional economics, behavioral economics, and the capability approach. Applications from the construction sector including land supply, sustainability, industrialization, and lean construction are provided to ground the theory in practical construction. In Construction Microeconomics, readers will learn: How microeconomic theory relies heavily on assumptions for modeling and the nuances of adjusting those assumptions How heterogenous contract goods affect supply and demand, markets, information, technology, and accordingly, the theories of contractors and owners How interaction influences the production process and how land as a production factor changes the production function How ex-ante costs determine the cost theory of the contractor and why contracting is more akin to the service sector than the goods sector Advanced undergraduate and masters students, lecturers and academics in construction and related disciplines, and professionals in the construction industry looking for expert analysis into a unique facet of the field will find Construction Microeconomics to be a valuable, complete, and authoritative reference on the subject.
Vol III 2009: United States - Virginia-Wyoming / Canada ' Alberta-Yukon Territory. "Legal Aspects of Doing Business in North America", a three-volume set with approximately 1,400 pages, provides a survey of the requirements for doing business and investing in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, including state-by-state and province-by-province analysis for Canada and the United States. The reports are prepared by local business practitioners and offer practical insights into issues relating to selection of form for doing business, incentives, taxation, labor and employment, liabilities, and dispute resolution. Order volumes I and II to complete the set. The publication is replaced by an updated volume annually. Purchase of print version includes 24/7 online access. A 10% discount applies to a subscription for next year's update. A 25% discount applies to a subscription for three years of updates. Discounts are applied after purchase by rebate from publisher.
A ONE-STOP GUIDE FOR THE THEORIES, APPLICATIONS, AND STATISTICAL METHODOLOGIES OF MARKET RISK Understanding and investigating the impacts of market risk on the financial landscape is crucial in preventing crises. Written by a hedge fund specialist, the Handbook of Market Risk is the comprehensive guide to the subject of market risk. Featuring a format that is accessible and convenient, the handbook employs numerous examples to underscore the application of the material in a real-world setting. The book starts by introducing the various methods to measure market risk while continuing to emphasize stress testing, liquidity, and interest rate implications. Covering topics intrinsic to understanding and applying market risk, the handbook features: An introduction to financial markets The historical perspective from market events and diverse mathematics to the value-at-risk Return and volatility estimates Diversification, portfolio risk, and efficient frontier The Capital Asset Pricing Model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory The use of a fundamental multi-factors model Financial derivatives instruments Fixed income and interest rate risk Liquidity risk Alternative investments Stress testing and back testing Banks and Basel II/III The Handbook of Market Risk is a must-have resource for financial engineers, quantitative analysts, regulators, risk managers in investments banks, and large-scale consultancy groups advising banks on internal systems. The handbook is also an excellent text for academics teaching postgraduate courses on financial methodology.
This collection of research papers from across the African continent illustrates the complex and ever-changing rules of the land tenure game, and how government legislation and reform (formalization) interact with local innovations (informalization) to form land tenure systems.
A collection of essays examining citizenship as a discursive phenomenon, in the sense that important civic functions take place in deliberation among citizens and that discourse is not prefatory to real action but in many ways constitutive of civic engagement"--Provided by publisher.
Law of Cross-Border Business Transactions aims at giving a structured introduction to the law and practice of investment deals (e.g., greenfield projects, M&As and hybrid forms) and of non-investment transactions (e.g., trade, technology transfer and services). Cross-border business deals are nowadays routine matters for business entities all over the world and the related legal aspects are becoming more and more complex. This book provides extensive general background information. It also covers numerous specific issues of relevance in the context of cross-border projects. Substantive law issues, procedural aspects and skills-related considerations such as contract drafting, structuring options and cross-cultural lawyering techniques are included, adding up to an unusually comprehensive and useful guide in the field. What’s in this book: The author describes a wide spectrum of transaction types. He explains underlying principles from a conceptual and a comparative point of view with a focus on transactional issues, using case studies from a variety of jurisdictions to demonstrate the significance of particular aspects in the context of multi-jurisdictional legal practice. Among much else, topics include the following: international lawyering and cultural diversity; lex mercatoria; conflict of laws; letters of intent, position papers, heads of agreement, confidentiality and exclusivity agreements; structure and contents of international contracts; e-contracts and smart contracts; protection of intellectual property rights and technology transfer; trade, countertrade and trade financing; insurance; agency and distributorship; greenfield investments and M&As; competition law and merger control; employment law; corporate governance and corporate social responsibility; international taxation; and dispute settlement and cross-border enforcement of awards. This second edition updates the discussion of the different topics comprehensively. It also expands many parts and adds sections in relation to new themes that have gained importance since the publication of the first edition. In particular, it addresses legal issues arising out of the digitalization of the global economy with a special focus on choice-of-law questions, smart contracts, e-bills of lading and online dispute settlement. It also draws attention to the impact of China’s Belt and Road initiative, Brexit and the ‘America First’ foreign policy. How this will help you: Of special value is the author’s precise guidance on drafting techniques and contract practice. The clarity of the presentation, the uncompromising consistency in terms of structure and a large body of references to primary and secondary sources presented in this edition ensure that legal professionals, business managers and academics as well as other interested parties can gain easy access to comprehensive and detailed information across jurisdictions.
Reveals the little known history of one of history’s most famous maps – and its maker Tucked away in a near-forgotten collection, Virginia and Maryland as it is Planted and Inhabited is one of the most extraordinary maps of colonial British America. Created by a colonial merchant, planter, and diplomat named Augustine Herrman, the map pictures the Mid-Atlantic in breathtaking detail, capturing its waterways, coastlines, and communities. Herrman spent three decades travelling between Dutch New Amsterdam and the English Chesapeake before eventually settling in Maryland and making this map. Although the map has been reproduced widely, the history of how it became one of the most famous images of the Chesapeake has never been told. A Biography of a Map in Motion uncovers the intertwined stories of the map and its maker, offering new insights into the creation of empire in North America. The book follows the map from the waterways of the Chesapeake to the workshops of London, where it was turned into a print and sold. Transported into coffee houses, private rooms, and government offices, Virginia and Maryland became an apparatus of empire that allowed English elites to imaginatively possess and accurately manage their Atlantic colonies. Investigating this map offers the rare opportunity to recapture the complementary and occasionally conflicting forces that created the British Empire. From the colonial and the metropolitan to the economic and the political to the local and the Atlantic, this is a fascinating exploration of the many meanings of a map, and how what some saw as establishing a sense of local place could translate to forging an empire.
The book is an attempt to bring together what are often seen as incommensurable scientific and philosophical positions. Its core argument is that a main reason for the divisions about what constitutes scientific knowledge relates to disagreements on philosophical issues. The book explores what these disagreements are about, and discusses whether they can be overcome. Taking a historical perspective, the book traces the divides in science back to three main philosophical traditions: realism, idealism, and scepticism. It maps how these have inspired three main current positions in science: logical empiricism, phenomenology, and sociology of scientific knowledge. The book is intended for a general audience concerned with today’s debates on scientific knowledge and society. It will be useful for students and researchers studying philosophy of science, sociology of scientific knowledge, realism, phenomenology, positivism, logical empiricism, analytical philosophy, and sustainable scientific knowledge.
Arms investors with powerful new tools for measuring and managing the risks associated with the various illiquid asset classes With risk-free interest rates and risk premiums at record lows, many investors are turning to illiquid assets, such as real estate, private equity, infrastructure and timber, in search of superior returns and greater portfolio diversity. But as many analysts, investors and wealth managers are discovering, such investments bring with them a unique set of risks that cannot be measured by standard asset allocation models. Written by a dream team of globally renowned experts in the field, this book provides a clear, accessible overview of illiquid fund investments, focusing on what the main risks of these asset classes are and how to measure those risks in today's regulatory environment. Provides solutions for institutional investors in need of guidance in today's regulatory environment Offers detailed descriptions of risk measurement in illiquid asset classes, illustrated with real life case studies Helps you to develop reliable risk management tools while complying with the regulations designed to contain the individual and systemic risks arising from illiquid investments Features real-life case studies that capture an array of risk management scenarios you are likely to encounter
Produced biennially, The World's Water is the most comprehensive and up-to-to date source of information and analysis on freshwater resources. Each new volume examines critical global trends and offers the best data available on a variety of topics related to water. Volume 7 features chapters on U.S. water policy, transboundary waters, and the effects of fossil fuel production on water resources, among other timely issues. Water briefs provide concise updates on topics including bottled water, The Great Lakes Water Agreement, and water and security. The World's Water is coauthored by MacArthur "genius" Peter H. Gleick and his colleagues at the world-renowned Pacific Institute. Since the first volume was published in 1998, the series has become an indispensable resource for professionals in government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, researchers, students, and anyone concerned with water and its use.
Inhaltsangabe: Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Table of Content List of Figures Abbreviations 1.Introduction 1.1Motivation 1.2Methodology 1.3Organization 2.Identify different types of indirect procurement 2.1Fundamentals of Procurement and Purchasing 2.1.1Purchasing Objectives and Organization 2.1.2Procurement Evolution and Development 2.1.3Direct and indirect procurement 2.1.4Indirect Goods and Services 2.2Clustering different types of procurement 2.2.1Criteria to characterize indirect goods and services 2.2.1.1Tangibility 2.2.1.2Accounting Rules 2.2.1.3Product complexity 2.2.1.4Transaction frequency 2.2.1.5Risk 2.2.1.6Value 2.2.1.7Substitutability 2.2.2Characterize indirect goods and services 2.2.3Clustering indirect goods and services 2.2.3.1Physical goods 2.2.3.2Services 2.2.3.3IT Procurement 3.Analysis of different procurement types 3.1Commodities 3.1.1Product Characterization 3.1.2Persons involved in the purchasing process 3.1.2.1End-user 3.1.2.2Purchasing department 3.1.2.3Budget Holder 3.1.3Purchasing process 3.1.3.1Definition of need (information) 3.1.3.2Requisitioning 3.1.3.3Approval 3.1.3.4Purchase order 3.1.3.5Delivery 3.1.3.6Payment 3.1.3.7After Sales Support 3.1.4Conclusion 3.2Purchasing Services 3.2.1Routine and complex services 3.2.2Persons involved in the purchasing process 3.2.3Purchasing cycle 3.2.3.1Statement of work 3.2.3.2Competitive bidding and negotiation 3.2.3.3Selecting service contractors proposal evaluation 3.2.3.4Pre-award conference 3.2.4Conclusion 3.3IT-Procurement 3.3.1Total value of ownership 3.3.2Persons involved 3.3.3Procurement of Hardware 3.3.3.1Requirements and consideration of hardware purchasing 3.3.4Procurement of Software 3.3.4.1Requirements and considerations of software purchasing 4.Internet based Technologies & Systems for indirect procurement 4.1Electronic Catalogs and Catalog Management 4.1.1Electronic Catalog Options 4.1.1.1Sell-Side Electronic Catalogs 4.1.1.2Buy-Side Electronic Catalogs 4.1.1.3Third Party Managed Electronic Catalogs 4.1.1.4XML and Catalogs on-the-fly 4.1.2Content Management 4.1.3Conclusion 4.2Buy-side Applications 4.2.1Desktop-purchasing systems (DPS) 4.2.1.1System functionality 4.2.1.2Target customers 4.2.1.3Strengths and weaknesses 4.2.1.4Overlap with enterprise resource planing (ERP) systems 4.2.2Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems 4.2.2.1System functionality 4.2.2.2ERP procurement [...]
Latin American cocaine trafficking organizations comprise an indigenous, globally competitive, multinational industry. Their business operations are deeply ingrained within the economic and political systems of countries throughout the region. While criminal enterprises operate in a more complex and uncertain setting than licit firms, their competitive success is determined in fundamentally similar ways. Models developed by geographers to explain the spatial behavior of licit multinational firms are profitably applied here to the operations of drug trafficking operations.
Mastering Cloud Computing is designed for undergraduate students learning to develop cloud computing applications. Tomorrow's applications won't live on a single computer but will be deployed from and reside on a virtual server, accessible anywhere, any time. Tomorrow's application developers need to understand the requirements of building apps for these virtual systems, including concurrent programming, high-performance computing, and data-intensive systems. The book introduces the principles of distributed and parallel computing underlying cloud architectures and specifically focuses on virtualization, thread programming, task programming, and map-reduce programming. There are examples demonstrating all of these and more, with exercises and labs throughout. - Explains how to make design choices and tradeoffs to consider when building applications to run in a virtual cloud environment - Real-world case studies include scientific, business, and energy-efficiency considerations
The goal of this book is to define and explain the archetypal pattern of redemption that underlies our whole notion of resolution in literature and to demonstrate, through multiple examples, that successful literature--poems and stories that have shown endurance or popularity--uses this pattern in specific ways. This theory should help readers to interpret both particular works of literature and the general notion of literature. The pattern of redemption employed here, in its ideal form, involves the sacrifice of an innocent redeemer to save something that has been lost. Because this pattern of redemption is typically associated with Christianity, this book can be taken as proposing a Christian theory of criticism. Current textbooks on literary criticism and theory cover a range of perspectives, such as Marxism, feminism, multiculturalism, reader response, and queer theory, but they invariably ignore the field of Christian criticism. Therefore, this book may be most useful as a supplementary text for courses in literary criticism that might include a Christian perspective. At the same time, however, the terms and methodology proposed here are not exclusive to or dependant on Christian beliefs, so readers of all types may find this approach useful. The greatest strength of this book is its application of the theory to numerous examples from a wide range of genres and periods of literature, testing the theory on classical and Shakespearean works such as the Iliad and Odyssey, Hamlet and Coriolanus; best sellers such as The Lord of the Rings, Le Petit Prince, Valley of the Dolls, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows; horror stories such as Frankenstein; postcolonial novels such as Things Fall Apart and The Kite Runner; and lyric poems. Consequently, even readers who are skeptical of the assumptions used here should find the many concrete examples thought-provoking.
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