Thoughts on grammaticalization" was first published in a working-paper version in 1982 and became very influential immediately, even though it was properly published only in 1995. Despite its modest title, the book can be read as an advanced introduction to grammaticalization, though its conception is very original. The present edition contains a number of corrections of the 1995 edition. After a short review of the history of research, the work introduces and delimits the concepts related to grammaticalization. It then provides extensive exemplification of grammaticalization phenomena in diverse languages, ordered by grammatical domains such as the verbal, pronominal and nominal sphere and clause level relations. The final chapter presents a theory of grammaticalization which is based on the autonomy of the linguistic sign with respect to the paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes. This is the basis of the structural parameters that constitute grammaticalization. They are operationalized to the point of rendering degrees of grammaticalization measurable.
After a short review of the history of research, the work introduces and delimits the concepts related to grammaticalization. It then provides extensive exemplification of grammaticalization phenomena in diverse languages, ordered by grammatical domains such as the verbal, pronominal and nominal sphere and clause level relations. The final chapter presents a theory of grammaticalization which is based on the autonomy of the linguistic sign with respect to the paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes. This is the basis of the structural parameters that constitute grammaticalization. They are operationalized to the point of rendering degrees of grammaticalization measurable. The present edition contains corrections of the 1995 edition.
Christian Lehmann brings his experience as a musicologist, singer and academic to this fascinating journey through the origins of music and its role in human development, culture and society. Few books on music are as rewarding as this one. Technical terms are clearly described in a way that appeals to both the musically well-informed and the musically inexperienced. Well-chosen examples and amusing asides help to make this a highly informative and extremely readable book – a must for anyone interested in the development of music and how integral it is to the human condition.
Christian Lehmann brings his experience as a musicologist, singer and academic to this fascinating journey through the origins of music and its role in human development, culture and society. Few books on music are as rewarding as this one. Technical terms are clearly described in a way that appeals to both the musically well-informed and the musically inexperienced. Well-chosen examples and amusing asides help to make this a highly informative and extremely readable book – a must for anyone interested in the development of music and how integral it is to the human condition.
On the basis of analyzed examples from many languages, basic concepts of grammaticalization theory are explained. Grammaticalization is delimited against other types of variation and change. Degrees of grammaticalization are assessed by well-defined criteria and parameters. Many well-documented cases from different functional domains are analyzed in depth. Issues of directionality are settled on a theoretical basis. The cognitive bases of grammaticalization are identified.
When three high-school-age video game fanatics purchase a new virtual reality game they have no idea they are about to be transported to the battlefields of Verdun, Guernica, and Bosnia.
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Variability in pathogenesis and complex pathophysiology often delay diagnosis and create significant challenges for clinical studies in this group of critically ill patients. Mainly for those reasons, there is no therapy approved so far to overcome the underlying immune dysregulation. This book provides an overview about the state of the art of sepsis diagnostics and potential future therapies. Chapter 1 focuses on the immunologic staging of sepsis—the key for successful treatment of the dysregulated hot response. Chapter 2 reveals similarities in the immune response in sepsis and cancer—opening new avenues for novel therapies. Chapter 3 introduces an important modulator of the immune response—the endogenous cannabinoid system and elucidates its role in organ dysfunction in sepsis. Facing the increasing bacterial resistance to classical antibiotics, Chapter 4 discusses two unique mechanisms to treat infection and inflammation in sepsis: iron chelation, and the sphingosine pathway. The authors, all experts in experimental and clinical sepsis research, seek to provide further understanding of the complexities of the immune response as the physiological basis for the development of new therapeutics in sepsis.
Bien qu'ils se détestent, les deux frères Kane se retrouvent dans un attrait commun pour la violence dans laquelle baigne notre siècle : Sebastian l'écrivain est le nègre d'un ancien agent secret, Nathan le photographe est hanté par des visions morbides. Lorsque Nathan disparaît en Colombie, Sebastian part à sa recherche et le voilà bientôt entraîné dans une périlleuse aventure, de Bogota jusque dans la jungle tropicale. Guérilla, corruption des hommes politiques et de l'Eglise, trafics en tout genre vont l'accompagner jusqu'au terme d'un voyage où se dévoileront de terribles vérités. A travers ce thriller foisonnant et baroque, c'est le désordre du monde qui vient inquiéter la fiction et la pousser dans ses derniers retranchements.
Der englischsprachige Band Not Just a Mirror setzt sich mit grundlegenden Fragen des politischen Theaters in der Gegenwart auseinander und stellt künstlerisch-politische Strategien und Praktiken von Theatermachern aus aller Welt vor - u. a. Chto Delat, Milo Rau, Kretakör, Faustin Linyekula, Public Movement, Christoph Schlingensief, Akira Takayama. Mit Beiträgen von Julian Boal, Boris Buden, Matan Cohen, Annie Dorsen, Galit Eilat, Monika Ginterdorfer, John Jordan, Alexander Karschnia, Hervé Kimenyi, Beatrix Kricsfalusi, Bojana Kunst, Hans-Thies Lehmann, Judith Malina, Florian Malzacher, Tala Jamal Manassah, Oliver Marchart, Carol Martin, Giulia Palladini, Roman Pawlowski, Jeroen Peeters, Goran Sergej Pristaš, Christian Römer, Sylvia Sasse, Francesco Scasciamacchia, Michael Sengazi, Vassilis Tsianos, Margarita Tsomou, Franck Edmond Yao u. a.
This book focuses on the role of the endocannabinoid system in local and systemic inflammation, with individual chapters written by experts in the field of cannabinoid research and medicine. The topics explore the actions of the endocannabinoid system on the immune system, including neuroinflammation in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's, as well as local and systemic inflammatory conditions affecting organs including the eye (uveitis and corneal inflammation), the bladder (interstitial cystitis), pancreas (diabetes), cardiovascular system (stroke), joints (arthritis), and sepsis. The objective of this book is to provide knowledge transfer on the use of cannabinoids in inflammatory disease by critically examining preclinical and clinical research on the immunomodulatory actions of the endocannabinoid system, with specific emphasis on the actions of cannabinoids in diseases where inflammation is a prominent component. By drawing these results together, we seek to provide further understanding of the complexities of endocannabinoid system modulation of immune function and identify potential uses and limitations for cannabinoid-based therapeutics.
SAPUI5 code needs to be easy to read and easy to update. Clean up your code with this guide from the experts! Learn how to leverage JavaScript features to write better SAPUI5 code. Then walk through detailed code examples and explanations for using modules, classes, functions, names, variables, literals, comments, code metrics, and more. Get the best practices you need for formatting, testing, implementation, and beyond!
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