Christian Enemark's Books

Disease and Security

Natural Plagues and Biological Weapons in East Asia

By: Christian Enemark

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Disease and Security

Natural Plagues and Biological Weapons in East Asia

By: Christian Enemark

Focusing on East Asia, this book sets out a framework for analyzing infectious disease threats in security terms. It covers the security significance of naturally occurring disease outbreak events such as SARS and avian influenza, the development and use of biological weapons by state and non-state actors, and the security risks associated with laboratory research on pathogenic micro-organisms. Christian Enemark devises a conceptual framework for securitization that is useful for policy makers by using the overlaps and synergies between different infectious disease threats. The book draws heavily on material from public health and scientific literature to illustrate the cross-disciplinary requirements for addressing infectious diseases challenges in security terms. Fast-moving, naturally occurring disease threats are of increasing concern to governments and individuals, and it is therefore important to recognize their close relationship to the security challenges posed by Biological Weapons and pathogen research. Disease and Security will be of much interest to students of international security, public health and Asian politics.

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Page Count

420

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1134101325

ISBN 13

9781134101320

Armed Drones and the Ethics of War

Military virtue in a post-heroic age

By: Christian Enemark

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Armed Drones and the Ethics of War

Military virtue in a post-heroic age

By: Christian Enemark

This book assesses the ethical implications of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (‘hunter-killer drones’) in contemporary conflicts. The American way of war is trending away from the heroic and towards the post-heroic, driven by a political preference for air-powered management of strategic risks and the reduction of physical risk to US personnel. The recent use of drones in the War on Terror has demonstrated the power of this technology to transcend time and space, but there has been relatively little debate in the United States and elsewhere over the embrace of what might be regarded as politically desirable and yet morally worrisome: risk-free killing. Arguably, the absence of a relationship of mutual risk between putative combatants poses a fundamental challenge to the status of war as something morally distinguishable from other forms of violence, and it also undermines the professional virtue of the warrior as a courageous risk-taker. This book considers the use of armed drones in the light of ethical principles that are intended to guard against unjust increases in the incidence and lethality of armed conflict. The evidence and arguments presented indicate that, in some respects, the use of armed drones is to be welcomed as an ethically superior mode of warfare. Over time, however, their continued and increased use is likely to generate more challenges than solutions, and perhaps do more harm than good. This book will be of much interest to students of the ethics of war, airpower, counter-terrorism, strategic studies and security studies in general.

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Page Count

194

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1136261206

ISBN 13

9781136261206

Biosecurity Dilemmas

Dreaded Diseases, Ethical Responses, and the Health of Nations

By: Christian Enemark

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Biosecurity Dilemmas

Dreaded Diseases, Ethical Responses, and the Health of Nations

By: Christian Enemark

Biosecurity Dilemmas examines conflicting values and interests in the practice of “biosecurity,” the safeguarding of populations against infectious diseases through security policies. Biosecurity encompasses both the natural occurrence of deadly disease outbreaks and the use of biological weapons. Christian Enemark focuses on six dreaded diseases that governments and international organizations give high priority for research, regulation, surveillance, and rapid response: pandemic influenza, drug-resistant tuberculosis, smallpox, Ebola, plague, and anthrax. The book is organized around four ethical dilemmas that arise when fear causes these diseases to be framed in terms of national or international security: protect or proliferate, secure or stifle, remedy or overkill, and attention or neglect. For instance, will prioritizing research into defending against a rare event such as a bioterrorist attack divert funds away from research into commonly occurring diseases? Or will securitizing a particular disease actually stifle research progress owing to security classification measures? Enemark provides a comprehensive analysis of the ethics of securitizing disease and explores ideas and policy recommendations about biological arms control, global health security, and public health ethics.

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226

Publisher

Georgetown University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1626164053

ISBN 13

9781626164055

Oxidation Numbers and Oxidation States

By: Christian Klixbüll Jorgensen

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Oxidation Numbers and Oxidation States

By: Christian Klixbüll Jorgensen

The correlation of spectroscopic and chemical investigations in recent years has been highly beneficial of many reasons. Around 1950, no valid explanation was available of the colours of compounds of the five tran sition groups. Later, it was possible to identify the excited levels with those expected for an electron configuration with adefinite number of electrons in the partly filled shell. I t is not generally recognized that this is equivalent to determining spectroscopic oxidation states related to the preponderant electron configuration and not to estimates of the fractional atomic charges. This brings in an entirely different type of description than the formal oxidation numbers used for characterizing compounds and reaction schemes. However, it must be realized that collectively oxidized ligands, formation of cluster-complexes and catenation may prevent the oxidation state from being well-defined. The writer would like to express his gratitude to many, but first of all to DR. CLAUS SCHÄFFER, University of Copenhagen, who is the most efficient group-theoretical engineer known to the writer; his comments and discussions have been highly valuable. The writer's colleague, Pro fessor FAUSTO CALDERAZZO (now going to the University of Pisa) has been most helpful in metallo-organic questions. Thanks are also due to Professors E. RANcKE-MADsEN and K. A. JENSEN for correspondence and conversations about formal oxidation numbers.

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295

Publisher

Springer Science & Business Media

Published Date

ISBN 10

3642877583

ISBN 13

9783642877582

Emergency Powers of International Organizations

Between Normalization and Containment

By: Christian Kreuder-Sonnen

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Emergency Powers of International Organizations

Between Normalization and Containment

By: Christian Kreuder-Sonnen

Emergency Powers of International Organizations explores emergency politics of international organizations (IOs). It studies cases in which, based on justifications of exceptional necessity, IOs expand their authority, increase executive discretion, and interfere with the rights of their rule-addressees. This ''IO exceptionalism'' is observable in crisis responses of a diverse set of institutions including the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the World Health Organization. Through six in-depth case studies, the book analyzes the institutional dynamics unfolding in the wake of the assumption of emergency powers by IOs. Sometimes, the exceptional competencies become normalized in the IOs' authority structures (the ''ratchet effect"). In other cases, IO emergency powers provoke a backlash that eventually reverses or contains the expansions of authority (the "rollback effect"). To explain these variable outcomes, this book draws on sociological institutionalism to develop a proportionality theory of IO emergency powers. It contends that ratchets and rollbacks are a function of actors' ability to justify or contest emergency powers as (dis)proportionate. The claim that the distribution of rhetorical power is decisive for the institutional outcome is tested against alternative rational institutionalist explanations that focus on institutional design and the distribution of institutional power among states. The proportionality theory holds across the cases studied in this book and clearly outcompetes the alternative accounts. Against the background of the empirical analysis, the book moreover provides a critical normative reflection on the (anti) constitutional effects of IO exceptionalism and highlights a potential connection between authoritarian traits in global governance and the system's current legitimacy crisis.

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Page Count

267

Publisher

Oxford University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0192569341

ISBN 13

9780192569349

German Sports, Doping, and Politics

A History of Performance Enhancement

By: Michael Krüger,Christian Becker,Stefan Nielsen

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German Sports, Doping, and Politics

A History of Performance Enhancement

By: Michael Krüger,Christian Becker,Stefan Nielsen

In the Cold War era, sport was not just a symbol of the power and strength of a nation-state, but of certain ideological systems of politics. With the pressure for athletes to succeed at its zenith, many East German athletes were given anabolic steroids by their country’s own sport federation. While doping in East Germany has been intensely researched in the past decades, the state of West German athletics during this time has remained largely a mystery. In fact, doping was a common practice on both sides of the Iron Curtain. But how many athletes were involved? And who knew about these practices? In order to answer these questions, the Federal Institute for Sport Science in Germany supported a research project to shed light on the other, West German side of doping history. Based on analyses of authentic documents and archives, German Sports, Doping and Politics: A History of Performance Enhancement is a unique study spanning from 1950-2007. Translated from its original German, and supplemented with new material written especially for an international audience, this innovative book addresses many important questions about a topic with worldwide implications. Part I deals with the history of doping in the post-war period of the 1950s and ‘60s; Part II focuses on the apex of doping, as well as the beginnings of the anti-doping movement; and Part III considers the development of doping since the Reunification and the foundation of the World Anti-Doping Agency and the National Anti-Doping Agency in Germany. Written for a global audience, German Sports, Doping, and Politics explains and reveals the truly remarkable processes of doping and anti-doping that have evolved since the Cold War. While sports historians will find this book of great interest, it is also a significant study for anyone who wants to look beyond the surface of sports and doping as reported by the media.

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269

Publisher

Rowman & Littlefield

Published Date

ISBN 10

1442249218

ISBN 13

9781442249219

Educational Assessment and Inclusive Education

Paradoxes, Perspectives and Potentialities

By: Christian Ydesen,Alison L. Milner,Tali Aderet-German,Ezequiel Gomez Caride,Youjin Ruan

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Educational Assessment and Inclusive Education

Paradoxes, Perspectives and Potentialities

By: Christian Ydesen,Alison L. Milner,Tali Aderet-German,Ezequiel Gomez Caride,Youjin Ruan

This book brings together policymaker and practitioner knowledge, experiences, and perspectives on the interaction between the assessment and inclusion agenda to the fore. The book’s analysis is built on comparative qualitative data from five different countries on four continents: Argentina, China, Denmark, England, and Israel. These countries have been chosen for their distinctive, and even contrasting, education policies, sociocultural and economic circumstances, and variations in performance across supranational and national standardised student assessments. In addressing these specific contexts, the book provides insights into the pitfalls and synergies which emerge as key stakeholders attempt to mediate these two educational concerns in both policy and practice.

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Page Count

382

Publisher

Springer Nature

Published Date

ISBN 10

3031190041

ISBN 13

9783031190049

Securitization Outside the West

West African Security Reconceptualised

By: Christian Kaunert,Edwin Ezeokafor

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Securitization Outside the West

West African Security Reconceptualised

By: Christian Kaunert,Edwin Ezeokafor

This book analyses securitization processes outside of the West, with a focus on Africa. The aim of the volume is to develop an original analytical framework to explain the securitization-neo-patrimonialism dynamics in West Africa, drawing upon insights from securitization theory, sociology and psychology. Among critical voices, securitization has become the gold standard for analysing emerging challenges, such as migration, terrorism, and human security. Yet, despite its broadening agenda, the framework has also been accused of bias, with a Western political context and democratic governance structure at its heart. This book aims to re-conceptualise the framework in a way that suits non-Western contexts better, notably by re-conceptualising the securitization-neopatrimonialism nexus in Africa, which gives us significant new insights into non-Western political contexts. It analyses the securitization processes among the political elites under neo-patrimonial statehood, and further stretches the conceptualisation of securitization into African statehood, which is characterised by a blurred line between the leader and the state. The volume explores the processes of securitizing threats in Liberia, Sierra Leone and wider West Africa, as well as the neo-patrimonial regimes of these states. In doing so, it explores the influence these states’ neo-patrimonial regimes have on the processes of threat securitization. This book will be of much interest to students of critical security studies, African politics and International Relations. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

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325

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1000613003

ISBN 13

9781000613001

Biosecurity Dilemmas

Dreaded Diseases, Ethical Responses, and the Health of Nations

By: Christian Enemark

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Biosecurity Dilemmas

Dreaded Diseases, Ethical Responses, and the Health of Nations

By: Christian Enemark

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- PART I. PROTECT OR PROLIFERATE -- 1. Biodefense and the Security Dilemma -- 2. Vertical Proliferation and Threats from Within -- PART II. SECURE OR STIFLE -- 3. Laboratory Biosecurity -- 4. Export and Publication Controls -- PART III. REMEDY OR OVERKILL -- 5. Social Distancing and National Security -- 6. Border Security and Transnational Contagion -- PART IV. ATTENTION OR NEGLECT -- 7. The Agenda of Global Health Security -- 8. Public Health and Biodefense Priorities -- Conclusion -- Selected Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z -- About the Author

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226

Publisher

Georgetown University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1626164045

ISBN 13

9781626164048

Moralities of Drone Violence

By: Professor of International Relations Christian Enemark

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Moralities of Drone Violence

By: Professor of International Relations Christian Enemark

An ethical assessment of violent drone use considering military ethics, law enforcement ethics, moral injury and ethical human-machine interaction

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ISBN 10

1474490093

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9781474490092

Disease and Security

Natural Plagues and Biological Weapons in East Asia

By: Christian Enemark

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Disease and Security

Natural Plagues and Biological Weapons in East Asia

By: Christian Enemark

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Page Count

240

Publisher

Routledge

Published Date

ISBN 10

1134101333

ISBN 13

9781134101337

Book's by Christian Enemark

Disease and Security

Disease and Security

Armed Drones and the Ethics of War

Armed Drones and the Ethics of War

Biosecurity Dilemmas

Biosecurity Dilemmas

Oxidation Numbers and Oxidation States

Oxidation Numbers and Oxidation States

Emergency Powers of International Organizations

Emergency Powers of International Organizations

German Sports, Doping, and Politics

German Sports, Doping, and Politics

Educational Assessment and Inclusive Education

Educational Assessment and Inclusive Education

Securitization Outside the West

Securitization Outside the West

Biosecurity Dilemmas

Biosecurity Dilemmas

Moralities of Drone Violence

Moralities of Drone Violence

Disease and Security

Disease and Security

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