Polarity phenomena are pervasively observed in natural languages. Previous studies on Chinese polarity items are mainly in line with the non-veridicality approach. This book, however, employs the downward-entailing hypothesis as its analytical foundation, and argues that downward entailment is the only licensor for different kinds of Chinese polarity items, and non-veridicality is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition and thus offers inferior explanatory power compared with the former. To begin with, it lays the groundwork for this research by presenting a brief introduction to polarity phenomena and reviewing the existing relevant theories. Then it addresses the status of the commonly used element dou in Chinese. Specifically, it applies the tripartite structural frame to the studies of dou, and examines the role of dou in licensing the polarity items. Moreover, it investigates the properties and behavior of dou with respect to modality. Based on the analysis above, it observes that non-interrogative wh-indeterminates in Chinese can be licensed in the restriction domain of a necessity operator. Also, the non-uniformity of three Chinese polarity items, i.e., shenme, na-CL, and renhe, is scrutinized within the downward-entailing framework. This book will appeal to scholars, teachers and students in the field of linguistics, especially in the areas of formal semantics and generative grammar. Researchers and engineers in cloud computing and big data who are seeking help from linguistic contributions to meaning and logic will also benefit from it.
This book uses the monographic study of litigation subjects, prosecution, trial, and enforcement to reveal the formation, operation, and development of criminal proceeding conventions in the Tang Dynasty. It also outlines the combination, coordination, and interaction of rules, conventions, and ideas in the traditional Chinese legal system, and presents an overview of the evolution and development of traditional litigation in China. This book is intended mainly for scholars and graduate and undergraduate students in the fields of law and Chinese history.
Chinese External Medicine is a branch of TCM that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the body’s surface, unlike TCM Internal Medicine whereby the focus is on internal organ systems. External medicine, or wai ke, refers to conditions that can be seen by the eye or palpated directly such as traumatic injuries, skin diseases, breast lumps, hemorrhoids, male genital problems and so on. Despite the common nature of many conditions covered by Chinese external medicine, until the publication of this book, little had been done to introduce these essential diagnostic and treatment methods to the West. Eight chapters in the text are devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of sores and ulcerations, breast conditions, goiter, skin lesions, sexually transmitted diseases, anorectal conditions, male urogenital conditions, peripheral vascular diseases and other external conditions, with 92 external conditions in total. Internal therapies, medicinal formulas, external applications, and acupuncture treatments are provided along with both Chinese pinyin and characters for easy reference. Sixty representative case studies are also presented here, making this the first comprehensive English language text on Chinese External medicine. We are sorry that the DVD content are not included.
Here rendered into English for the first time, these chapters provide important insights into the worlds of palace women and court politics, while revealing much about the lives of upper-class women in general at the close of the third century."--BOOK JACKET.
Was the original world really an illusion? He continued the fate from a thousand years ago. For the sake of his beloved woman, he once again threw himself into the world of blood and slaughter. When he brandished his butcher's knife for his only friend, he suddenly discovered that the world had changed drastically! In the Primal Chaos Great World, there was killing on the path of martial arts. Nine cities were established, and the divine artifacts were divided into one. The legendary Great Dao of Martial Arts was something that he could not find. Who knew that he would suddenly look back and see it in his heart! What new strength would accompany it ...
Despite the importance of Chen Hongshou (1599-1652) as an artist and scholar of the late Ming period, until now no full length study in English has focused on his work. Author Tamara H. Bentley takes a broadly interdisciplinary approach, treating Chen's oeuvre in relation to literary themes and economic changes, and linking these larger concerns to visual analyses. In so doing, Bentley sheds new light not only on Chen, but also on an important cultural moment in the first half of the seventeenth century, when Chinese scholar artists began to direct their work towards anonymous public markets.
Chronic Cough is the 20th volume of the Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine series. It provides a multi-faceted 'whole evidence' analysis of the management of chronic cough, including cough variant asthma, upper airways cough syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease in Chinese medicine. Evidence from the classical Chinese medicine literature, contemporary clinical literature, the outcomes of clinical trials and experimental studies are reviewed, analysed and synthesised. The data from all these sources are condensed to provide evidence-based summaries and identity implications for the clinical practice of Chinese medicine and for future research. This book can inform clinicians and students in the fields of integrative medicine and Chinese medicine regarding contemporary practice and the current evidence base for a range of Chinese medicine therapies used in the management of chronic cough, including herbal formulas and acupuncture treatments, in order to assist clinicians in making evidence-based decisions in patient care.Currently, Chinese medicine practitioners who develop a special interest in a particular health condition, such as chronic cough need to consult a diversity of resources to expand their knowledge. Such sources typically included specialty books and journal articles sourced from biomedical databases published in Chinese and English. However, not all practitioners have access to such sources to obtain information on the evidence-based management of chronic cough. By providing all this information in one handy, easy to use reference, this book allows practitioners to focus on providing high quality health care, with the knowledge it is based on the best available evidence.
Global Elements in Chinese Literature illustrates how modern Chinese writers have assimilated and transformed key movements of Western literature to develop their own unique forms of expression in order to confront the problems facing humanity today.
Now we are in multicultural community. We need understanding and communication among countries. As a Chinese teacher, I have learnt a simple way through tried and error to learn Chinese which is suitable for western people. We can learn Chinese Pinyin by the Method of Chinese Learning by Transfer from English International Phonetic Alphabet to Chinese Pinyin ,So I want to recommend the book«Elementary Chinese» to you. Let the world know China better and Let China reach out to the world. With the further Reform and Opening, more and more foreigners want to know China and study the Chinese language. From my years of English learning, I have noticed studying Chinese with the help of Transfer. Among the English International Phonetic Alphabets, many alphabets are similar to the Chinese Phonetic Alphabets. The Transfer has obvious effects for the foreign beginners in reading the words correctly and improving their self-taught abilities. There are three parts in this book. The first part is how to learn Pinyin by the Method of Chinese Learning by Transfer from English International Phonetic Alphabet to Chinese Pinyin,The second part is to grasp Chinese spelling by practicing Pinyin. The third part is to learn how to write Chinese by “Chinese Basic Strokes.” An Introduction to the Method of Chinese Learning by Transfer from English International Phonetic Alphabet to Chinese Pinyin 1. Contrast between the Chinese Pinyin and English International Phonetic Alphabet There are 48 phonetic alphabets in English with 20 vowels and 28 constants, 20 vowels including 8 double vowels and 12 single vowels. Vowel is the critical phoneme in forming syllable and word and its right reading is the key in studying standard English pronunciation. There are 47 Chinese Pinyin, 6 simple finals with the same function as the 12 single vowels in English phonetic alphabets, 9 compound finals and 9 nasal finals with the same function as 8 double vowels, and 23 initials just like the 28 constants. The precise sounds of the finals are key in Standard Chinese pronunciation. 2. Chinese pronunciation is termed "Voice Front Approach", that is, the front of the oral cavity exercises more and pronounces. While English pronunciation is termed “Voice Rear Approach”, that is, the rear of the oral cavity exercises more and pronounces. The book will talk about the learning of Chinese Pinyin by Label of English Phonetic Alphabet Sound Symbolism Approach and Phonetic Alphabet Transfer Approach. It will help the foreigners learn the Chinese Pinyin and know the ways to read Chinese characters from the comparison of the places of articulation in phonetic alphabets and Pinyin. With the purpose of transfer, the book will teach the foreigners to learn Chinese by Phonetic Alphabet Sound Symbolism Approach of the English International Phonetic Alphabets and the Chinese Pinyin. From my point of view, the greatest advantage of the method is that it is simple, practical, and easy to understand, with operability. Surely, it will give a shortcut for the westerners to study Chinese. I have intended to continue with Volume 2 and Volume 3, which will show the Chinese long history, brilliant culture and traditional customs to the world and make China known to the world.
This book re-examines the nature of early Chinese work in natural science, on the basis of original records analysis and artifacts discovered in recent decades by archaeological explorations of China's past. It presents a concise account of early scientific ideas and thoughts of nature, and their effect on the development of natural science. It is suggested that the traditional characterization of early Chinese work in natural science requires substantial modification. The absence of early Chinese participation in the development of 'modern' science is not, as commonly assumed, a consequence of lacking early scientific tradition in ancient China. It is argued that the concept of 'inhibitive' factors is dubious without taking their dynamical relationships into account, and that socio-economical and political influence has to be considered when seeking answers to the major setbacks in science and technology in China. The book also shows that there is no basis for the claims saying that acoustics and astronomy in China have their roots in Babylon.
There were powerful cultivators here, and their strengths ruled over everything. Countries, sects, and other great powers ruled over a region, but this was only the corner of the Three Realms. Above this world, there were even Divine level experts running rampant through the heavens and the earth. And he would be able to see the trash Ye Feng, who was unable to awaken his Martial Veins, fuse with the various heavenly martial arts and rise all the way up to the top. He would be the supreme existence of ten thousand realms!
When growth requires the baptism of blood, when a road requires the accumulation of bones, when a grain of sand can shake the heavens, when a drop of water can water the earth... When a person lifted his hand to pick up the stars, the sun and moon, or the rivers and mountains with his hands covered ... In this era where all races coexist, the legend had been erased from history. At the limit of a certain period, the legend of the Ji Realm had been opened ... In this life, a young man covered in blood crawled out of the Blood Cauldron. A story of exploration, conquest, slaughter, rise to prominence, hot-blooded, and a lone emperor began to play out ... The survival of the apocalypse, the vicissitudes of life, the struggles in battle, the emotions between life and death... The world was sad, but it was also boiling. When the myth finally lifted the veil of mystery, was it as perfect as you thought it was?
In Two-Way Mirrors, Chen Eugene Eoyang engages in cross-cultural study, shedding light not only on the object of study but also on the subject conducting the study. The book's leading metaphor is that of the shop window, which is at once transparent (allowing a view of the merchandise on display) and reflective (offering an image of the prospective shopper). Eoyang shows the different and oppositional premises in Eastern and Western poetics juxtaposed not as contradictory but as complementary, allowing for a mutual illumination of values. He confronts the question of globalization and postmodernism bidirectionally, from an Asian as well as a Western perspective. Eoyang concludes by speculating on the continuing development of comparative literature, a discipline particularly well suited to new modes of discourse both reflective and reflexive, as illuminating as a two-way mirror.
In the early twentieth century, China was stigmatized as the “Land of Famine.” Meanwhile in Europe and the United States, scientists and industrialists seized upon the soybean as a miracle plant that could help build modern economies and healthy nations. Soybeans, protein-packed and domestically grown, were a common food in China, and soybean milk (doujiang) was poised for reinvention for the modern age. Scientific soybean milk became a symbol of national growth and development on Chinese terms, and its competition with cow’s milk reflected China’s relationship to global modernity and imperialism. The Other Milk explores the curious paths that led to the notion of the deficient Chinese diet and to soybean milk as the way to guarantee food security for the masses. Jia-Chen Fu’s in-depth examination of the intertwined relationships between diet, health, and nation illuminates the multiple forces that have been essential in the formation of nutrition science in China.
The Buddhist master Fazang is regarded as one of the greatest metaphysicians in medieval Asia. This study aims at correcting misinterpretations and shedding light on neglected areas, opening up for discussion the various structures of medieval East Asian monastic biography.
Hailian Chen’s pioneering study presents the first comprehensive history of Chinese zinc—an essential base metal used to produce brass and coin and a global commodity—over the long eighteenth century. Zinc, she argues, played a far greater role in the Qing economy and in integrating China into an emerging global economy, than has previously been recognized. Using commodity chain analysis and exploring over 5,800 items of archival documents, Chen demonstrates how this metal was produced, transported, traded, and consumed by human agents. Situating the zinc story within the human-environment framework, this book covers a broad and interdisciplinary range of political economy, material culture, environment, technology, and society, which casts new light on our understanding of early modern China.
North America maintains the largest collection of archival materials relating to the Chinese Republican era (1911–1949) outside of China. Most of the archival materials are also unique, and the collections contain special materials supplementing historical records in China and Taiwan. In many cases, North America's holdings represent the best and only public access to the tumultuous Republican government and society of the first half of the twentieth century. An essential guide for researchers and students of Republican China, this volume, presented in both English and Chinese, covers personal papers, correspondences, memoirs, diaries, photographs, moving images, and other materials held at academic and research institutions across the United States and Canada. It includes concise descriptions of the people, organizations, and events connected to each entry and notes when certain collections are closely related and when materials are digitized for online access. The book corrects common errors associated with the library records of many archives and updates or completes information on the objects of these records. More than a straightforward itemization, this book adds significant depth to any research on the history and global import of China's modern development.
This text introduces important aspects of the earliest writings on tongue diagnosis to assist the reader in understanding its development. It presents the first translations of two of the most influential and authoritative tongue diagnosis texts, the Golden Mirror Records and Tongue Reflections in Cold Damage. Both are key texts for practitioners.
This book presents a creative approach to the problem of individual authenticity. What is authenticity? What are its necessary conditions? How is an authentic self possible in society? What are the relationships of authenticity, morality, and happiness? The book examines a wide range of questions in Eastern and Western thought, to which it gives novel answers.
This book examines the social media experiences of middle class Chinese adolescents. Their enthusiasm for self-expression online, their mediated social relations (guanxi) with family, friends, classmates and colleagues are analysed in the context of China's modernity.
A Sword of Dao Seeking swept across the entire place. With a flip of his hand, he turned it into the sky and covered it with his hand. The Heart of Dao could hold the nine heavens and ten earth. With a single thought, life and death would be snatched away. Lust! Desire to defy the heavens! Anger to break through the heavens! The Lover of Love, the Lord of the Heavens and the Earth, oppressing all Golden Immortals!
Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide, third edition, is an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. Part A covers traditional grammar points such as phrase order, and the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases. Part B is carefully organized around language functions and situations such as: • Asking questions • Communication strategies • Making comparisons • Giving orders and making requests • Expressing apologies, regrets, and sympathy The two parts of the Grammar are closely linked by extensive cross-references, providing a grammatical and functional perspective on many patterns. The Grammar is coordinated with the Workbook, which provides grammar-focused and situation-focused exercises to facilitate practice and reinforce language use. All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples presented in simplified and traditional characters and Pinyin romanization, with a strong emphasis on contemporary usage. This third edition includes new sections on character structure, social media, speaker perspective, and more, as well as updated illustrative sentences and an expanded index. Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar is ideal for all learners of Mandarin Chinese, from beginner to intermediate and advanced students.
Laozi's Daodejing The English and Chinese Translations Based on Laozi's Original Daoism From Philosophical and Hermeneutical Perspectives 老子的道德经中英白话句解与老学研究 "Your work on Lao Tzu promises to be very interesting." --Professor Sir Alfred Ayer (A.J.Ayer) "I strongly recommend to you a new translation of Lao Tzu from a very remarkable translator, a Chinese lady Lee Sun Chen Org, who deeply believes in the importance of this work for humanity." --Professor Sir Karl Popper "You should make an effort to let the world know of the true Laozi. I like both your Chinese and English translations of Daodejing." --Professor Chern Shiing-Shen陳省身教授 The authentic philosophical Daoism was originated by Laozi through his meditation (private) and philosophizing(public). He has organized the piecemeal whimsical poetic thinking and incorporated them into his framework; that is the Daoism of Laozi. His book Daodejing embodies an integral framework-and that should be tackled through philosophy. However, the language of his book is nearly four thousand years old; this hardship should be tackled through the Chinese hermeneutic. In addition, Laozi's philosophical Daoism should be discerned from popular religious Daoism, a medley of fanciful thoughts and folklore. Accordingly, the single step to start the long and arduous journey to fathom the very deep wisdom of Laozi is to follow the roadmap of each individual's striving to understands oneself spiritually(self-realization) and the world scientifically. Chen Lee Sun(aka Lee Sun Chen Org): A self-taught and self-critical pursuer of truth as well as the meaning of life. She was a life-long follower of Laozi's philosophy--Laoism, but attended Oxford University to study Western philosophy through winning a full scholarship awarded by Government in Taiwan. She has also worked for an MA on linguistics and Chinese hermeneutic in the University of California, Davis. Bertrand Ruseell had great influence on her in her early days. Later her mentor was A.J. Ayer. Most recently her philosophical thinking moved closer to Karl Popper's. Nevertheless Laozi's thinking has had been her greatest influence.
In the currency culture of human history, there are two wonderful works that are immortal. One is that of China, an ancient Oriental civilization, which has influenced the currency culture of many Asian countries for more than a thousand years. The other is the monetary culture of ancient Greece, the birthplace of western monetary culture, which later gave rise to the Arab and Indian coin systems. This book presents survey on Chinese ancient currency of all ages, before moving on to elaborate upon the history of currency culture exchange between China and other countries, such as ancient Greece and Rome, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Southern Asia, Western and central Asia. It considers the influence of Chinese currency on the currency development of the neighboring Asian regions and countries, as well as the interaction between ancient Chinese coins and European and American coins in different periods.
Performing the Socialist State offers an innovative account of the origins, evolution, and legacies of key trends in twentieth-century Chinese theater. Instead of seeing the Republican, high socialist, and postsocialist periods as radically distinct, it identifies key continuities in theatrical practices and shared aspirations for the social role and artistic achievements of performance across eras. Xiaomei Chen focuses on the long and remarkable careers of three founders of modern Chinese theater and film, Tian Han, Hong Shen, and Ouyang Yuqian, and their legacy, which helped shape theater cultures into the twenty-first century. They introduced Western plays and theories, adapted traditional Chinese operas, and helped develop a tradition of leftist theater in the Republican period that paved the way for the construction of a socialist canon after 1949. Chen investigates how their visions for a free, democratic China fared in the initial years after the founding of the People’s Republic, briefly thriving only to founder as artists had to adapt to the Communist Party’s demand to produce ideologically correct works. Bridging the faith play and “antiparty plays” of the 1950s, the “red classics” of the 1960s, and their reincarnations in the postsocialist period, she considers the transformations of the depictions of women, peasants, soldiers, scientists, and revolutionary history in plays, operas, and films and examines how the market economy, collective memories, star culture, social networks, and state sponsorship affected dramatic productions. Countering the view that state interference stifles artistic imagination, Chen argues that theater professionals have skillfully navigated shifting ruling ideologies to create works that are politically acceptable yet aesthetically ingenious. Emphasizing the power, dynamics, and complexities of Chinese performance cultures, Performing the Socialist State has implications spanning global theater, comparative literature, political and social histories, and Chinese cultural studies.
Matthew Chen's study, first published in 2000, offers a most comprehensive analysis of the rich and complex patterns of tone used in Chinese languages. Chinese has a wide repertoire of tones which undergo often surprising changes when they are connected in speech flow. The term tone sandhi refers to this tonal alternation. Chen examines tone sandhi phenomena in detail across a variety of Chinese dialects. He explores a range of important theoretical issues such as the nature of tonal representation, the relation of tone to accent, the prosodic domain of sandhi rules, and the interface between syntax and phonology. His book is the culmination of a ten-year research project and offers a wealth of empirical data not previously accessible to linguists. Extensive references and a bibliography on tone sandhi complete this invaluable resource which will be welcomed as a standard reference on Chinese tone.
This book explores the development of late 19th century study societies in China against the context of the decline of the imperial Qing government and its control on ideological production, widespread social unrest, and intrusions by Western imperialist states. The author uncovers the history of civil society activism in China by examining the study societies in Shanghai, Beijing, and Hunan, which were organized around the goal of promoting and defending the Confucian religion. Illustrating a facet of the civil society that emerged in China as a reaction to the influences of Christianity, the modernization of Confucianism, and nationalist state formation, this study extends understanding of the unique and complex processes of Chinese political and cultural modernization in ways that differed from that of Western societies.
She was an unwelcome Second Miss. His mother had died when she gave birth to him. Be bullied by female patriarch and elder sister. Long years of bullying, after meeting someone. She wanted to fight back, one by one. He sent each of them to the eighteenth level of hell.
The book provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of Wang’s philosophy at different stages throughout its maturation so as to sketch the essential character and grand picture of Wang’s philosophy. As a systematic study of Wang’s philosophy, this monograph boasts a broad perspective, profound analysis and substantial historical data. It is a perfect manifestation of the author’s academic accomplishment and presents the readers with a panorama of Wang’s thought. Although the book is focused primarily on Wang, its scope and methodology carry great implications for the study of Song and Ming Confucianism and even ancient Chinese philosophy as a whole.
The 27th volume of the Evidence-based Clinical Chinese Medicine series examines the management of people who are overweight and obese with Chinese medicine using a 'whole evidence' approach. Overweight and obesity are recognised as leading health concerns worldwide. They have significant impacts on quality of life and mortality and are associated with many complications and chronic illnesses, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke and some cancers. Conventional medicine understanding of weight gain, including common causes, diagnosis and treatment are included, along with the Chinese medicine conceptualisation of overweight and obesity.Evidence from clinical studies is reviewed using internationally accepted scientific methods. Systematic reviews describe the treatments used in clinical studies, and analyse the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicines, acupuncture and related therapies, other Chinese medicine therapies, and combinations of Chinese medicine therapies. Experimental studies that describe the potential mechanisms of action of key herbs are summarised. The final chapter synthesises the current evidence and offers suggestions for contemporary clinical practice and future research.This book is a handy desktop reference for both clinicians and students of Chinese and integrative medicine. It provides a comprehensive synthesis of both traditional and contemporary knowledge that can inform clinical decision-making.
This book is an abridged version of Feng Qi’s two major works on the history of philosophy, The Logical Development of Ancient Chinese Philosophy and The Revolutionary Course of Modern Chinese Philosophy. It is a comprehensive history of Chinese philosophy taking the reader from ancient times to the year 1949. It illuminates the characteristics of traditional Chinese philosophy from the broader vantage point of epistemology. The book revolves around important debates including those on “Heaven and humankind” (tian ren天人), “names and actualities” (mingshi名實), “principle and vital force” (liqi理氣), “the Way and visible things” (daoqi道器), “mind and matter/things” (xinwu心物), and “knowledge and action” (zhixing知行). Through discussion of these debates, the course of Chinese philosophy unfolds. Modern Chinese philosophy has made landmark achievements in the development of historical and epistemological theory, namely the “dynamic and revolutionary theory of reflection”. However, modern Chinese philosophy is yet to construct a systematic overview of logic and methodology, as well as questions of human freedom and ideals. Amid this discussion, the question of how contemporary China is to “take the baton” from the thinkers of the modern philosophical revolution is addressed.
This book won the award for the best comic from the National Institute for Translation in 1986. Although more than 20 years have passed since then, there is still a great appreciation for this book. This book is based on the Chronicles of the Historian from the Han dynasty scholar Sima Qian. It includes the legends of the five assassins: Chaomu, Yurang, Juanju, Niezheng and Jingke, during the Spring and Autum Period. The comic is beautifully printed in full color. Chen Uen used traditional Chinese brushes, and he drew each page as one on special hand-made calligraphy paper. It really took a lot of skill to paint one panel after another on this kind of calligraphy paper. Only Chen Uen has the ability to use calligraphy skills to paint comics. There are 500 colorful paintings, from small to large, with exact and difficult-to-achieve details. He has to draw each page quickly, with skill in determination. If he makes a single mistake, the whole page is lost. There are a lot of special details in the facial expressions; his point is to try to express their fleeting emotions through their eyes, their brow and mouth. He gives lively personal characteristics through painting the five assassins in different circumstances, atmospheres, mindsets, emotions, and how they dedicated themselves to lethal missions with their cunning, bravery and nobility. It's quite captivating. Chen Uen is really modest to say that he drew the legends of assassins because he was moved by these stories. We were so touched by his depiction, that we asked his agreement to republish them and share them with everybody.
Modern Mandarin Chinese is a two-year undergraduate course for students with no prior background in Chinese study. Designed to build a strong foundation in both the spoken and written language, it develops all the basic skills such as pronunciation, character writing, word use, and structures, while placing a strong emphasis on the development of communicative skills. Each level of the course consists of a textbook and workbook in simplified Chinese. A free companion website provides all the audio for the course with a broad range of interactive exercises and additional resources for students’ self-study, along with a comprehensive instructor’s guide with teaching tips, assessment and homework material, and a full answer key. Key changes to this new edition: An increased number of vocabulary and characters introduced. 255 characters are introduced in this second edition for active production. Dialogues and example sentences are also presented in full-character format for passive recognition, and to provide additional challenge for more advanced students. Additional exercises in the workbooks and online to support the expanded number of words and characters incorporated into the textbooks. New cross-references between the textbooks, workbooks and companion website facilitate using all the resources in an integrated manner. Greatly enhanced and re-designed website. Retaining its focus on communicative skills and the long-term retention of characters, the text is now presented in simplified characters and pinyin from the outset with a gradual and phased removal of pinyin as specific characters are introduced and learnt. This unique approach allows students to benefit from the support of pinyin in the initial stages as they begin speaking while ensuring they are guided and supported towards reading only in characters.
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